Europe's New Security Dilemma

Abstract

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. Jytte Klausen, The Islamic Challenge: Politics and Religion in Western Europe (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 81. 2. John Mintz and Douglas Farah, “In Search of Friends Among the Foes: U.S. Hopes to Work with Diverse Group,” Washington Post, September 11, 2004, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A12823-2004Sep10.html. 3. American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, “An Interview With Reuel Marc Gerecht,” December 14, 2004, http://www.aei.org/publications/pubID.21739/pub_detail.asp (press release). 4. Robert S. Leiken and Steven Brooke, “The Moderate Muslim Brotherhood,” Foreign Affairs 86, no. 2 (March/April 2007): 112. 5. One of the most vocal advocates of this approach is Kamal Helbawy, a former senior leader of the Muslim Brotherhood and currently a London-based activist. 6. “A Common and Safe Future: Proposal for an Action Plan to Prevent Extremist Views and Radicalisation Among Young People,” Danish Ministry of Refugee, Immigration, and Integration Affairs, June 2008, http://www.nyidanmark.dk/NR/rdonlyres/B3D54221-96CF-4CDB-94FC-6A2E7D0625D0/0/antiradikalisering_engelsk_samlet.pdf (hereinafter 2008 Danish Radicalisation proposal). 7. Karen Jespersen, interview with author, Copenhagen, Denmark, November 2008; “R⊘nn: Jespersen Maler Fanden på Væggen,” Berlingske Tidende, November 18, 2008 (in Danish). 8. Government of Denmark, “A Common and Safe Future: An Action Plan to Prevent Extremist Views and Radicalisation Among Young People,” January 2009, http://www.nyidanmark.dk/NR/rdonlyres/58D048E7-0482-4AE8-99EB-928753EFC1F8/0/a_common_and_safe_future_danish_action_plan_to_prevent_extremism.pdf. 9. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, “The Prevent Strategy: A Guide for Local Partners in England,” June 2008, p. 4, http://www.dcsf.gov.uk/violentextremism/downloads/Prevent%20Strategy%20A%20Guide%20for%20Local%20Partners%203%20June%202008.pdf (hereinafter The Prevent Strategy). 10. Municipality of Amsterdam, “Amsterdam Against Radicalisation,” November 15, 2007, p. 5. 11. Netherlands General Intelligence and Security Service, “The Radical Dawa in Transition,” October 2007, pp. 9–10, http://www.minbzk.nl/aspx/download.aspx?file=/contents/pages/90181/theradicaldawaintransition.pdf. 12. The Prevent Strategy, p. 5; James Kirkup, “Terrorists in Pakistan Planning Over 20 Attacks in Britain, Says Gordon Brown,” Daily Telegraph, December 14, 2008, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/defence/3757357/Terrorists-in-Pakistan-planning-over-20-attacks-on-Britain-says-Gordon-Brown.html. 13. For the history of Finsbury Park's takeover, see Sean O'Neill and Daniel McGrory, The Suicide Factory: Abu Hamza and the Finsbury Park Mosque (London: Harper Collins, 2006), pp. 34–52. 14. For the history of Finsbury Park's takeover, see Sean O'Neill and Daniel McGrory, The Suicide Factory: Abu Hamza and the Finsbury Park Mosque (London: Harper Collins, 2006), pp. 253–264. 15. Kamal Helbawy, interview with author, London, United Kingdom, December 2008; Mohammed Kuzbar, interview with author, London, United Kingdom, December 2008; Government officials at the Home Office and Scotland Yard officials, interviews with author, London, United Kingdom, December 2008. 16. Kamal Helbawy and Mohammed Kuzbar, interview with author, London, United Kingdom, December 2008 (MAB founder and top MAB official, respectively) 17. Ruth Kelly and Baroness Pauline Neville-Jones, interview with author, London, United Kingdom, December 2008 (former British secretary of state for the Department of Communities and Local Government and former chairman of the British Joint Intelligence Committee, respectively). 18. Senior Home Office officials, interviews with author, London, United Kingdom, December 2008. 19. Senior Dutch officials, interview with author, The Hague, The Netherlands, May 2008. 20. Scotland Yard Muslim Contact Unit official, interview with author, London, United Kingdom, January 2007. 21. Robert Lambert, “Empowering Salafis and Islamists Against Al-Qaeda: A London Counterterrorism Case Study,” Political Science & Politics 41, no. 1 (January 2008): 31. 22. Robert Lambert, interview with author, London, United Kingdom, December 2008. 23. “Preventing Violent Extremism: Learning and Development Exercise,” Audit Commission, Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary (HMIC), October 2008, p. 10, http://www.communities.gov.uk/publications/communities/preventlearningexercise (hereinafter Audit Commission report). 24. Lambert, “Empowering Salafis and Islamists Against Al-Qaeda,” pp. 31–34. 25. Philippe Naughton, “Funding Cut-off Threat by Minister Angers Muslim Groups,” Times (London), October 11, 2006, http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article668544.ece. 26. Alan Travis, “Time to Tackle the Nonviolent Extremists, Says Smith,” Guardian, December 11, 2008, http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2008/dec/11/counter-terrorism-strategy-extremists. 27. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, “The United Kingdom's Strategy for Countering International Terrorism,” March 2009, p. 15, http://security.homeoffice.gov.uk/news-publications/publication-search/general/HO_Contest_strategy.pdf?view=Binary. 28. “Home Office Statement on Muslim First, British Second,” BBC, February 13, 2009, http://news.bbc.co.uk/panorama/hi/front_page/newsid_7888000/7888793.stm. 29. German Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution, “Integration as a Means to Prevent Extremism and Terrorism: Typology of Islamist Radicalisation and Recruitment,” January 2007, p. 7, http://www.verfassungsschutz.de/download/SHOW/publication_0704_islamism_integration.pdf (hereinafter Integration as a Means to Prevent Extremism and Terrorism report). 30. For example, see Change Institute for the European Commission, “Study on the Best Practices in Cooperation Between Authorities and Civil Society With a View to the Prevention and Response to Violent Radicalisation,” July 2008, p. 35, http://www.changeinstitute.co.uk/images/publications/changeinstitute_preventingradicalisation.pdf. 31. 2008 Danish Radicalisation proposal, p. 36. 32. Integration as a Means to Prevent Extremism and Terrorism report, p. 5. 33. German Bundesverffassungsschutz, “Annual Report of the German Office for the Protection of the Constitution,” 2005, p. 190 (domestic intelligence agency of the German federal government). 34. Audit Commission report, p. 10. 35. Sylvain Besson, La Conquête de l'Occident (Paris: Seuil, 2005), p. 40 (in French). 36. Caroline Fourest, Brother Tariq: The Doublespeak of Tariq Ramadan (New York: Encounter, 2008), p. 103. 37. See Herbert H. Haines, “Black Radicalization and the Funding of Civil Rights: 1957–1970,” in Social Movements, ed. Doug McAdam and David A. Snow (Los Angeles, CA.: Roxbury Publishing, 1997), pp. 440–441. 38. The comparison has been made to the author in two separate conversations with two Islamist leaders in two European countries. 39. Quilliam Foundation, “Pulling Together to Defeat Terror,” April 2008, p. 3, http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/images/stories/pdfs/pulling-together-to-defeat-terror.pdf. Additional informationNotes on contributorsLorenzo VidinoLorenzo Vidino is a fellow in the Initiative on Religion in International Affairs at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University, a Peace Scholar at the United States Institute of Peace, and author of a forthcoming book on the Muslim Brotherhood in Europe and North America