Europe as a model for large carnivores conservation: Is the glass half empty or half full?

Abstract

At first sight, the increasing trend of many large mammal populations in EU Member States are the results from successful application of EU environmental legislation. In this perspective a ‘rewilding’ Europe appears as a laudable conservation goal. It has been therefore suggested that the EU model of carnivores-humans coexistence could be of interest to several other regions of the Planet. In the present paper we critically review alleged successes of the EU conservation policies. Our conclusions suggest that some optimistic reports should be taken cautiously. Firstly, one should not lose sight of the heterogeneity of ‘Europe’ and the different histories and socio-ecological situations of the 28 Member States. Furthermore, we doubt whether the positive status of large carnivores in Eastern Europe is attributable exclusively to EU conservation policies. Long time spans necessary for demographic recovery in large carnivores sharply contradict the quite recent entry of these countries into the EU. The EU model is possible owing to the unique socio-economic development that Western Europe experienced after the Second World War. Economic growth, urbanization, rural abandonment and reforestation are the main forces behind the increase of large mammals in some areas of Western Europe. Yet this has been possible only through a considerable input of natural resources from outside EU (food, raw materials, oil, gas etc.). Therefore, although there are examples that could be considered good experiences, we are of the opinion that the EU policies as a general model is unlikely to be exportable world-wide and may have negative consequences for wildlife, even in Eastern Europe.