Abstract
AbstractUnlike prokaryotes, a specialized eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2), in the form of the ternary complex eIF2*GTP*Met-tRNAiMet is utilized to deliver the initiator tRNA to the ribosome within all eukaryotic cells1. Phosphorylation of eIF2 is known to be central to the global regulation of protein synthesis under stress conditions and infection2. Another distinctive feature of eukaryotic translation is scanning of mRNA 5'-leaders, whose origin in evolution may be relevant to the appearance of eIF2 in eukaryotes. Translation initiation on the hepatitis C virus (HCV) internal ribosome entry site (IRES) occurs without scanning3,4. Whether these unique features of the HCV IRES account for the formation of the final 80S initiation complex is unknown. Here we show that the HCV IRES-directed translation can occur without either eIF2 or its GTPase activating protein eIF5. In addition to the general eIF2- and eIF5-dependent pathway of 80S complex assembly, the HCV IRES makes use of a prokaryotic-like pathway which involves eIF5B, the analogue of bacterial IF25,6, instead of eIF2. This switch from a eukaryotic-like mode of AUG selection to a "bacterial" one occurs when eIF2 is inactivated by phosphorylation, a way with which host cells counteract infection. The relative resistance of HCV IRES-directed translation to eIF2 phosphorylation may represent one more line of defense used by this virus against host antiviral responses and can contribute to the well known resistance of HCV to interferon based therapy.
Highlights
A “factorless” translation initiation process has been reported for the hepatitis C virus (HCV) internal ribosome entry site (IRES) at elevated Mg2+ concentrations[12]
This situation is analogous to that observed for prokaryotes; like bacterial IF215, eIF5B plays in this case two roles: promotes binding of the initiator tRNA to ribosomes and couples the ribosomal subunits with formation of the 80S (70S in the case of bacteria) translation initiation complex
Rabbit reticulocyte lysate (RRL) was treated with dsRNA to induce PKR16 and supplemented with GMPPNP to block the eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2)-dependent pathway at the 48S stage
Summary
A “factorless” translation initiation process has been reported for the HCV IRES at elevated Mg2+ concentrations[12]. The functionality of the 80S initiation complexes assembled from 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits, eIF3, eIF5B, and Met-tRNAiMet, i.e. their ability to be engaged into the subsequent step of translation, the elongation of the polypeptide chain, had to be proven. Identical elongation factor-dependent arrests of the ribosomes can be clearly seen in Fig. 2 regardless of whether the 80S initiation complexes were formed with the complete set of eIFs (including eIF2) or with just eIF3 and eIF5B (compare lanes 3 and 7).
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