Abstract
Differentiation represents a central, and increasingly salient, feature of European integration. In practice, the European Union (EU) has relied on differentiated integration (DI) to “accommodate persistent diversity among its member states regarding the desired level and scope of European integration”. An insight into DI through the lens of tangible and intangible benefits is critical to understanding the contribution to the EU order made by particular DI arrangements and DI in general. This chapter provides a brief overview of existing internal and external/mixed DI arrangements. It presents a literature review that discusses the benefits and challenges of DI. The chapter analyses the cases of enhanced cooperation between EU Member States and EU association relations with third countries and distinguishes tangible and intangible benefits as well as challenges pertaining to these DI solutions. It elaborates on DI in the context of the Future of Europe debate.
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