Abstract
Subject EU defence cooperation. Significance The adoption by the European Council on December 11, 2017, of the Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) mechanism marks a significant step towards a European defence union as proposed by the Commission. How well this and other EU defence cooperation initiatives are implemented in 2018 will be crucial for their ultimate success. Impacts The latest EU defence initiatives could incentivise new cooperation frameworks between member states. New initiatives and funding mechanisms could help foster defence industry consolidation in Europe. Europe could gradually expand its ability to operate more independently of NATO and the United States. EU initiatives could complement NATO efforts by helping to counter hybrid warfare and in supporting military mobility across Europe.
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