Etiopatogenesis and possibilities of minimally invasive diagnostics of liver cirrhosis: literature review

Abstract

Liver cirrhosis (LC) remains a significant socio-economic problem of healthcare worldwide and has the highest mortality rate among nonneoplastic diseases of the digestive system. The most common etiological factors are alcoholic liver disease, chronic viral hepatitis, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. General pathological mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of cirrhosis: damage, necrosis and steatosis of hepatocytes, inflammation with the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, metabolic disorders, fibrosis activation, pathological regeneration, neoangiogenesis, impaired organ architectonics with the development of portal hypertension and hemostasis disorders. At the present stage, the diagnosis of cirrhosis is based on laboratory, instrumental, morphological research methods and calculated indices. In the diagnosis of liver cirrhosis, combinations of various tests can be used, which reflect the pathogenetic mechanisms of liver damage. Optimization of known and creation of new approaches to the differential diagnostics of the severity of cirrhosis makes it possible to carry out timely therapeutic measures aimed at preventing the progression of this disease.