Etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostics and conservative treatment of adult flatfoot

Abstract

On average, one in six adults is affected by an acquired flatfoot. This foot deformity is characterized by its progression of stages and in 10% of cases causes complaints that require treatment. Untreated, the loss of walking ability may result in the final stage. Correct staging is crucial to being able to offer aspecific course of therapy including awide spectrum of conservative and operative treatments. This review is based on pertinent publications retrieved from aselective search in PubMed and Medline and on the authors' clinical experience. The loss of function of static (spring ligament complex) and dynamic (tibialis posterior tendon) stabilizers causes the characteristic deformity with loss of the medial arch, hind foot valgus and forefoot abduction. In the late stage, severe secondary osteoarthritis in upper and lower ankle joints occurs and impedes walking ability. The essential physical examination is supplemented by weight-bearing dorsoplantar and lateral radiographs, which provide further information about axial malalignment (Meary's angle, Kite's angle). The long axis hind foot view allows analysis of the hindfoot valgus. MRI provides further information about the integrity of the tibialis posterior tendon, spring ligament complex and cartilage damage. The therapy aims to reduce pain, regain function and avoid development of secondary osteoarthritis and degenerative tendon disorders. Progress of the deformity should be stopped. Therefore, the main aspects of the deformity-loss of medial arch, hindfoot valgus and forefoot abduction should be addressed and corrected. In the acute phase, tendovaginitis of the tibialis posterior tendon can be treated sufficiently by anti-inflammatory measures, relieving mechanical loads on the tendon and muscle and physiotherapy.