Abstract
Successful of root canal treatment is determined on elimination of microorganism from the root canal system, enlargement of the canals and a hermetic seal to prevent infection or reinfection of the periapical tissues. The Ingle study revealed that the two major causes of endodontic failure were imperfect instrumentation and incomplete obturation. Over 50% of incomplete obturation caused root perforation, meanwhile root perforation were about 15%. Further understanding of the principal of endodontic triad and operator skill, iatrogenic cases in endodontic treatment may be prevented.
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