Abstract
Animals have been used in research and teaching for a long time. However, clear ethical guidelines and pertinent legislation were instated only in the past few decades, even in developed countries with Judeo‐Christian ethical roots. We compactly cover the basics of animal research ethics, ethical reviewing and compliance guidelines for animal experimentation across the developed world, “our” fundamentals of institutional animal research ethics teaching, and emerging alternatives to animal research. This treatise was meticulously constructed for scientists interested/involved in animal research. Herein, we discuss key animal ethics principles – Replacement/Reduction/Refinement. Despite similar undergirding principles across developed countries, ethical reviewing and compliance guidelines for animal experimentation vary. The chronology and evolution of mandatory institutional ethical reviewing of animal experimentation (in its pioneering nations) are summarised. This is followed by a concise rendition of the fundamentals of teaching animal research ethics in institutions. With the advent of newer methodologies in human cell‐culturing, novel/emerging methods aim to minimise, if not avoid the usage of animals in experimentation. Relevant to this, we discuss key extant/emerging alternatives to animal use in research; including organs on chips, human‐derived three‐dimensional tissue models, human blood derivates, microdosing, and computer modelling of various hues.
Highlights
The humanest possible treatment of experimental animals, far from being an obstacle, is a prerequisite for successful animal experiments.— Russell & Burch
Pharmacology Research & Perspectives published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd, British Pharmacological Society and American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
The ethics pertaining to animal research evolved over centuries of philosophical traditions, and not rigid rules of operation, but an avenue to express our moral obligations towards research animals
Summary
The humanest possible treatment of experimental animals, far from being an obstacle, is a prerequisite for successful animal experiments.— Russell & Burch. (2) The second intent of our study is to demonstrate how previous and contemporary thought on principles/mores pertaining to animal experimentation ethics, translated into concrete legislation to mandate compulsory review of ethical practices in animal research.
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