Ethanol withdrawal in the rat: Involvement of noradrenergic neurons

Abstract

Ethanol dependence was induced in rats by maintaining them for 3 weeks on a liquid diet containing ethanol. When ethanol was abruptly replaced with sucrose in the diet, animals showed withdrawal symptoms. Eight hours later, the accumulation in brain and heart of 3H-norepinephrine synthesized from 3H-tyrosine, and of 3H-norepinephrine metabolites was greater than in animals not undergoing withdrawal. An injection of ethanol (3 g/kg) 1 1 2 or 5 hours after the initiation of withdrawal resulted in less accumulation of newly synthesized 3H-norepinephrine and of 3H-norepinephrine metabolites in both brain and heart. If the rate of ethanol withdrawal was slow, i.e., the ethanol in the diet was replaced gradually with sucrose over a 3-day period, less accumulation of 3H-norepinephrine and 3H-norepinephrine metabolites occured in heart and brain than as a result of abrupt withdrawal. Also, no behavioral symptoms of withdrawal were observed. These results indicate that (a) gross withdrawal symptoms and the accompanying activation of noradrenergic neurons can be blocked during withdrawal by an acute dose of ethanol, and (b) ethanol withdrawal can be modified by altering the rate of withdrawal, a finding that may prove useful in clinical situations. We conclude that the withdrawal symptoms and the activation of noradrenergic neurons during withdrawal are caused by the sudden lack of ethanol in the system.