Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a malignancy derived from the glandular epithelial cells in the colon. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are more likely to develop CRC. Cancer proliferation is characterized by the loss of inhibition of apoptosis, which involves caspase-3 activation. This study examined the effects of the pomegranate peel extract on the expression of caspase-3 in mice crypt cells induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) 2%. Methods The experimental study was done in six groups. All treatments were done in 42 days. The groups were all induced by DSS through water drinking, except for the normal group, which was only given water. The treatments given included the pomegranate extract in two doses (240 mg and 480 mg/kg bw/day), aspirin, and ellagic acid. The specimens were then fixated and stained for the immunohistochemistry scoring for the expression of caspase-3, which was then analyzed statistically. Results The H-scores of each treatment group were 213.23 ± 8.32 (DSS group), 243.81 ± 18.69 (normal group), 226.10 ± 12.38 (pomegranate peel extract of 240 mg/kg/d), 238.84 ± 15.81 (pomegranate peel extract of 480 mg/kg/d), 227.47 ± 12.15 (aspirin), and 224.01 ± 18.39 (ellagic acid). Statistical differences were found in one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc analysis among the DSS group, normal group, and dose 2 group (pomegranate peel extract of 480 mg/kg/day). Conclusions The ethanol extract of pomegranate was able to induce apoptosis, which was demonstrated by the increase of caspase-3 expression.
Highlights
Colorectal cancer (CRC), a malignancy known as colorectal adenocarcinoma, is derived from the glandular epithelial cells in the colon [1]
Dosage calculation in this experiment referred to a study conducted by Kusmardi et al [16]. e dose of pure ellagic acid was determined by a conversion in reference to the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) with a dose of 26 mg/kg/day. e dose of aspirin used in this study was 43 mg/kg/day which was calculated from a dose conversion to a mice dose in inducing an anti-inflammatory effect [17]
E results of the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) are shown on the chart in Figure 4. e mean histology score (H-score) obtained for each treatment group were 213.23 ± 8.32 (DSS group), 243.81 ± 18.69, 226.10 ± 12.38, 238.84 ± 15.81, 227.47 ± 12.15, and 224.01 ± 18.39. e data collected had a normal distribution with a homogeneous variance. e one-way ANOVA test showed significant differences (p 0.023), and Duncan’s post hoc analysis showed significant differences between the negative control group and the normal group and the negative control with dose 2
Summary
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a malignancy derived from the glandular epithelial cells in the colon. Is study examined the effects of the pomegranate peel extract on the expression of caspase-3 in mice crypt cells induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) 2%. E treatments given included the pomegranate extract in two doses (240 mg and 480 mg/kg bw/day), aspirin, and ellagic acid. E H-scores of each treatment group were 213.23 ± 8.32 (DSS group), 243.81 ± 18.69 (normal group), 226.10 ± 12.38 (pomegranate peel extract of 240 mg/kg/d), 238.84 ± 15.81 (pomegranate peel extract of 480 mg/kg/d), 227.47 ± 12.15 (aspirin), and 224.01 ± 18.39 (ellagic acid). Statistical differences were found in one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc analysis among the DSS group, normal group, and dose 2 group (pomegranate peel extract of 480 mg/kg/day). E ethanol extract of pomegranate was able to induce apoptosis, which was demonstrated by the increase of caspase-3 expression Conclusions. e ethanol extract of pomegranate was able to induce apoptosis, which was demonstrated by the increase of caspase-3 expression
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