Abstract
Estrogen receptors (ERs) play a key role in many biochemical and physiological processes, that are involved in maintaining organism homeostasis. At the most basic level, they can be divided into nuclear estrogen receptors and membrane estrogen receptors that imply their effect in two ways: slower genomic, and faster non-genomic. In these ways, estrogens and xenoestrogens can negatively affect animal health and welfare. Most of the available literature focuses on human and mammalian physiology, and clearly, we can observe a need for further research focusing on complex mutual interactions between different estrogens and xenoestrogens in aquatic animals, primarily fishes. Understanding the mechanisms of action of estrogenic compounds on the ERs in fishes and their negative consequences, may improve efforts in environmental protection of these animals and their environment and benefit society in return. In this review, we have summarized the ER-mediated effects of xenoestrogens and estrogens on teleost fishes metabolism, their carcinogenic potential, immune, circulatory, and reproductive systems.
Highlights
Estrogen receptors are proteins found in cells of many animal systems and tissues.They are commonly divided into two basic classes, nuclear receptors, which are found in the cell nucleus or in the cytoplasm, and membrane receptors, which are found in the cell membrane
As the authors have stated, growth arrest and DNA damage were observed in 1.5 μg/L concentration of letrozole and affected the transcription of genes related to epigenetic regulation including UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (Ugt), glutathione S-transferase omega-1 (Gsto1), lysinespecific demethylase 6bb (Kdm6bb), jumonji and AT-rich interaction domain containing 2 (Jarid2), growth arrest and DNA damage inducible gamma (Gadd45g), and chromobox protein 7 (Cbx7)
Analysis of the available literature indicates there is a high risk that exposure to the compounds with the ability to interact with estrogen receptors may seriously interfere with fish health (Table 1)
Summary
Estrogen receptors are proteins found in cells of many animal systems and tissues. They are commonly divided into two basic classes, nuclear receptors (nERs), which are found in the cell nucleus or in the cytoplasm, and membrane receptors (mERs), which are found in the cell membrane. Disrupted pathways included KEGG 05230 (Central carbon metabolism in cancer), KEGG 04370 (VEGF signaling pathway), KEGG 04664 (Fc epsilon RI signaling pathway), KEGG 05205 (Proteoglycans in cancer) or KEGG 05204 (Chemical carcinogenesis-DNA adducts), indicating a significantly increased risk of initiation and/or acceleration of carcinogenesis These authors collectively emphasized the need for further research on the impact of endocrine-active compounds on the organisms of animals and humans. The contact of zebrafish with BP3 increased the expression of CYP1A and CYP1B indicating a possible role in mediation of estrogen oxidative metabolism that may cause DNA damage and disruption of Wnt pathways, and as the authors suggest, cause carcinogenesis [47] Nonylphenols are another group of chemicals that pose a similar threat, causing significant DNA damage occurrence and leading to carcinogenesis processes after chronic exposures, similar to what has been shown in humans [77,78]. As the authors have stated, growth arrest and DNA damage were observed in 1.5 μg/L concentration of letrozole and affected the transcription of genes related to epigenetic regulation including UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (Ugt), glutathione S-transferase omega-1 (Gsto1), lysinespecific demethylase 6bb (Kdm6bb), jumonji and AT-rich interaction domain containing 2 (Jarid2), growth arrest and DNA damage inducible gamma (Gadd45g), and chromobox protein 7 (Cbx7)
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
