Abstract
Estrogens are known to cause hepatotoxicity such as intrahepatic cholestasis in susceptible women during pregnancy, after administration of oral contraceptives, or during postmenopausal replacement therapy. Enterohepatic nuclear receptors including farnesoid X receptor (FXR), pregnane X receptor (PXR), and constitutive active/androstane receptor (CAR) are important in maintaining bile acid homeostasis and protecting the liver from bile acid toxicity. However, no nuclear receptor has been implicated in the mechanism for estrogen-induced hepatotoxicity. Here Era(-/-), Erb(-/-), Fxr(-/-), Pxr(-/-), and Car(-/-) mice were employed to show that Era(-/-) mice were resistant to synthetic estrogen 17alpha-ethynylestradiol (EE2)-induced hepatotoxicity as indicated by the fact that the EE2-treated Era(-/-) mice developed none of the hepatotoxic phenotypes such as hepatomegaly, elevation in serum bile acids, increase of alkaline phosphatase activity, liver degeneration, and inflammation. Upon EE2 treatment, estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) repressed the expression of bile acid and cholesterol transporters (bile salt export pump (BSEP), Na(+)/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), OATP1, OATP2, ABCG5, and ABCG8) in the liver. Consistently, biliary secretions of both bile acids and cholesterol were markedly decreased in EE2-treated wild-type mice but not in the EE2-treated Era(-/-) mice. In addition, ERalpha up-regulated the expression of CYP7B1 and down-regulated the CYP7A1 and CYP8B1, shifting bile acid synthesis toward the acidic pathway to increase the serum level of beta-muricholic acid. ERbeta, FXR, PXR, and CAR were not involved in regulating the expression of bile acid transporter and biosynthesis enzyme genes following EE2 exposure. Taken together, these results suggest that ERalpha-mediated repression of hepatic transporters and alterations of bile acid biosynthesis may contribute to development of the EE2-induced hepatotoxicity.
Highlights
Estrogens are known to cause hepatotoxicity such as intrahepatic cholestasis in susceptible women during pregnancy, after administration of oral contraceptives, or during postmenopausal replacement therapy
Lack of EE2-induced Hepatotoxicity in ER␣-null Mice—To study the mechanism of estrogen-induced hepatotoxicity in vivo, EraϪ/Ϫ, ErbϪ/Ϫ, FxrϪ/Ϫ, PxrϪ/Ϫ, CarϪ/Ϫ, and corresponding (Wtϩ/ϩ) mice were treated with EE2
Body weights were similar between EE2-treated mice and vehicle control mice, liver weights were significantly increased in EE2-treated Wtϩ/ϩ, ErbϪ/Ϫ, FxrϪ/Ϫ, PxrϪ/Ϫ, and CarϪ/Ϫ mice, but no hepatomegaly was evident in EE2-treated male and female EraϪ/Ϫ mice (Fig. 1A)
Summary
Estrogens are known to cause hepatotoxicity such as intrahepatic cholestasis in susceptible women during pregnancy, after administration of oral contraceptives, or during postmenopausal replacement therapy. Upon EE2 treatment, estrogen receptor ␣ (ER␣) repressed the expression of bile acid and cholesterol transporters (bile salt export pump (BSEP), Na؉/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), OATP1, OATP2, ABCG5, and ABCG8) in the liver. ER, FXR, PXR, and CAR were not involved in regulating the expression of bile acid transporter and biosynthesis enzyme genes following EE2 exposure.
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