Abstract
Accurate solar radiation estimation is very important for solar energy systems and is a precondition of solar energy utilization. Due to the rapid development of new energy sources, the demand for surface solar radiation estimation and observation has grown. Due to the scarcity of surface radiation observations, high-precision remote sensing data are trying to fill this gap. In this paper, a global solar irradiance estimation method (in different months, seasons, and weather conditions), using data from the advanced geosynchronous radiation imager (AGRI) sensor onboard the FengYun-4A satellite with cloud index methodology (CSD-SI), was tested. It was found that the FengYun-4A satellite data could be used to calculate the clear sky index through the Heliosat-2 method. Combined with McClear, the global horizontal irradiance (GHI) and the direct normal irradiance (DNI) in northeast China could be accurately obtained. The estimated GHI accuracy under clear sky was slightly affected by the seasons and the normalized root mean square error (nRMSE) values (in four sites) were higher in summer and autumn (including all weather conditions). Compared to the estimated GHI, the estimated DNI was less accurate. It was found that the estimated DNI in October had the best performance. In the meantime, the nRMSE, the normalized mean absolute error (nMAE), and the normalized mean bias error (nMBE) of Zhangbei were 35.152%, 27.145%, and −8.283%, while for Chengde, they were 43.150%, 28.822%, and −13.017%, respectively. In addition, the estimated DNI at ground level was significantly higher than the actual observed value in autumn and winter. Considering that the error mainly came from the overestimation of McClear, a new DNI radiation algorithm during autumn and winter is proposed for northern China. After applying the new algorithm, the nRMSE decreased from 49.324% to 48.226% for Chengde and from 48.342% to 41.631% for Zhangbei. Similarly, the nMBE decreased from −32.351% to −18.823% for Zhangbei and from −26.211% to −9.107% for Chengde.
Highlights
Irradiation service delivers of irradiation logical satellite to monitor the surface of the Earth andtime the series atmosphere, which observed was sucin a specific site in the world under clear skies, with a time step ranging from min to cessfully launched on 11 December 2016
Statistical indicators such as normalized root mean square error (nRMSE), normalized mean absolute error (nMAE), normalized mean bias error (nMBE), and R, which are widely used in the field of estimation, were selected to evaluate the accuracy of the estimated results
Different weather conditions and seasonal variations can affect the estimation of solar radiation at the surface
Summary
The United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) clearly indicate that access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy should be ensured. 2021, 13, 790 encouraging signs that energy is becoming more sustainable and widely available. Energy efficiency in power supply continues to improve, and renewable energy has made remarkable progress in electricity [1]. Solar energy is an important part of renewable energy and may become the most important source of energy for human development in the coming decades due to the lower cost of its associated equipment (such as solar panels). In China, electricity is still an important pillar of the economy, with 75% of electricity still dependent on “dirty” coal as energy input [2].
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