Abstract
Malus domestica (Apple) is one of the most widely cultivated cash crops of Nepal. Jumla and Mustang are two major pocket areas for the production of apple. Flavonoids including quercetin and rutin are potent antioxidants present in apples. This study was designed to quantify and compare the presence of quercetin and rutin in different plant parts (peel, leaf, and bark) among various cultivars of Malus domestica from two pocket zones of Nepal. A new HPLC-UV method was developed and validated for the quantification of quercetin and rutin. Polyphenols, flavonoids, and carbohydrate contents were determined by colorimetric methods. 2,2′-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay was carried out to measure in vitro antioxidative activity. Acid hydrolysis of each extract was carried out by the standard method to measure aglycone quercetin content after hydrolysis of its glycosides. The total rutin content ranged from 3.69 ± 1.34 to 374.50 ± 2.35 mg/100g dry extract weight. Before the acidic hydrolysis, the total quercetin content ranged from 2.96 ± 0.13 to 171.05 ± 0.95 mg/100g dry extract weight whereas its amount increased highly after the hydrolysis and it ranged from 80.84 ± 19.65 to 7445.32 ± 29.25 mg/100g dry extract weight. Total polyphenol content ranged from 19.48 ± 0.23 to 123.48 ± 1.84 µg gallic acid equivalent/mg of dry extract weight. Similarly, flavonoid content ranged from 2.21 ± 0.72 µg to 755.54 ± 1.91 µg quercetin equivalent/mg of dry extract weight. Total carbohydrate content ranged from 144.15 ± 3.73 to 484.65 ± 2.63 µg glucose equivalent per 0.5 mg dry extract weight. All the extracts showed the various degrees of antioxidant activity in a dose-dependent manner. Among them, stem bark of the Jonathan Jumla showed potent antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 13.003 µg/mL. The present study provides the information about variation of the phytochemical content among the different cultivars, parts, and geographic locations. Furthermore, it revealed that bark of Malus domestica cultivars had high quercetin and rutin content with high antioxidant activity.
Highlights
From the prehistoric time, Malus domestica has been used as a delicious fruit [1]
Quercetin is mostly bounded with sugar moiety. us, the amount of free quercetin gets increased after acid hydrolysis [12]. e presence of quercetin and rutin in Malus domestica can be quantitatively determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) [13]
Phenolic compounds are the major phytochemical constituents of plants to exhibit the antioxidant action and various therapeutic activities such as cardiovascular protective, antiatheroscleretic, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenesis, and antiaging, due to the scavenging capacity of their hydroxyl group [26]. e phenolic compounds such as flavonoids and phenolic acid are attributed to the antioxidant activity of M. domestica [27, 28]
Summary
Malus domestica has been used as a delicious fruit [1]. Despite the great advances in modern pharmaceuticals in recent decades, nutritive plants still make an important contribution to health care. Natural antioxidants are very effective to prevent oxidative stress and are believed to protect against degenerative diseases [3]. Malus domestica is a small deciduous tree (3 to 12 meters) belonging to the Rosaceae family [4]. It is widely distributed in the temperate zone throughout the world [5]. Various biological activities such as antioxidant [6], anti-inflammatory [7], antiulcer [8], and neuroprotective effect [9] have been reported from this plant. Apple fruit is a major source of rutin, quercetin, and other flavonoids [10]. Quercetin is mostly bounded with sugar moiety. us, the amount of free quercetin gets increased after acid hydrolysis [12]. e presence of quercetin and rutin in Malus domestica can be quantitatively determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) [13]
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