Estimation of the Safe Distance Between the Implant and an Adjacent Tilted Implant Using Trigonometry

Abstract

The tilted implant was developed to overcome the problems associated with inserting an implant in a posterior resorbed mandible or posterior maxilla with limited bone height.1 Overall cumulative 3-year success rates of over 90% have been reported for axial and titled implants.2 The cantilever length may be reduced by posterior tilting of a distal implant on each side, resulting in better load distribution.2 Tilting may also allow for increased implant length and improved anchorage, thus better primary stability.3The recently developed All-on-4 system (Nobel Biocare, Gothenburg, Sweden) provides edentulous patients with a fixed prosthesis utilizing an optimum number of 4 implants which are immediately loaded by the interim prosthesis. In this protocol 2 distal implants are tilted posteriorly about 30° or 45° relative to the vertical plane followed by 2 implants placed in more anterior positions. Correct angulation and optimum position of implant placement is assisted by the All-on-4 surgical guide which is placed into a 5- to 10-mm deep osteotomy site made at the midline of the edentulous arch (Figure 1).4 Since the anterior implants are placed vertically, they must be placed as far apart from posterior implants to avoid interference between the apices.5 When a computerized tomography (CT) or cone-beam CT is not planned, the safe distance between the 2 implants could be addressed by the following technique, which presents a simple solution to estimate the safe interimplant distance or fixture length of an anterior and posterior implant, to avoid conflict between the apices.If the implant site is planned in advance, the length of the anterior implant that should be observed can be determined by solving equation (1) with A as an unknown variable and P, α, and β as known variables. Therefore, the anterior implant should be placed in a distance no closer than 9 mm plus a minimum safe zone distance of 1 mm or must be shorter than 15 mm to miss the posterior implant apex. Some frequent values are calculated and summarized in the Table.A trigonometry ratio was developed to estimate a 2-dimensional safe distance between a tilted implant and an adjacent vertical implant. The distance or length between the fixtures can be determined by multiplying the known length of each implant by a constant derived from the sin of the insertion angle.