Estimation of the indirect network effect: On the example of television advertising

Using data from CNet's Shopper's.com on prices and television characteristics, we use a quality-adjusted, hedonic price regression to test for the presence of indirect network effects in the television market. In 2009, broadcasters were mandated to cease programme transmission using analog signals, and convert to digital signal transmission, necessitating changes to the reception mechanisms themselves, televisions. Digital signal transmission permits broadcasters to offer greater programming variety, which makes televisions more valuable to consumers. Similarly, the presence of adapters on televisions enables compatibility with a multitude of complementary devices, also increasing consumers' values of televisions. Our results are consistent with the presence of indirect network effects arising from each of these sources.

Abstract: This study aims to analyze the influence of leadership, compensation, communication, and work environment on employee performance through organizational commitment as a banking intervention variable. IBM AMOS 23 was used to analyze the pattern of causality between variables. This research uses survey research methods. The population in this study were all staff at the Bank Kaltimtara Syariah Samarinda Branch in East Kalimantan. The number of research samples is determined by 250 respondents. The result of the research is that there is a significant direct and positive influence of leadership on employee performance. There is no significant negative direct effect of compensation on employee performance. There is a significant direct and positive effect of communication on employee performance. There is a significant direct and positive effect of the work environment on employee performance. There is a significant direct and positive effect of organizational commitment on employee performance. There is a significant indirect and positive effect of leadership on employee performance by intervening organizational commitment. There is a significant indirect and positive effect of compensation on employee performance by intervening organizational commitment. There is a significant indirect and positive effect of communication on employee performance with organizational commitment intervention. There is no indirect and insignificant negative effect of the work environment on employee performance by intervening organizational commitment. There is a significant direct and positive effect of organizational commitment on employee performance. There is a significant indirect and positive effect of leadership on employee performance by intervening organizational commitment. There is a significant indirect and positive effect of compensation on employee performance by intervening organizational commitment. There is a significant indirect and positive effect of communication on employee performance with organizational commitment intervention. There is no indirect and insignificant negative effect of the work environment on employee performance by intervening organizational commitment. There is a significant direct and positive effect of organizational commitment on employee performance. There is a significant indirect and positive effect of leadership on employee performance by intervening organizational commitment. There is a significant indirect and positive effect of compensation on employee performance by intervening organizational commitment. There is a significant indirect and positive effect of communication on employee performance with organizational commitment intervention. There is no indirect and insignificant negative effect of the work environment on employee performance by intervening organizational commitment. There is a significant indirect and positive effect of compensation on employee performance by intervening organizational commitment. There is a significant indirect and positive effect of communication on employee performance with organizational commitment intervention. There is no indirect and insignificant negative effect of the work environment on employee performance by intervening organizational commitment. There is a significant indirect and positive effect of compensation on employee performance by intervening organizational commitment. There is a significant indirect and positive effect of communication on employee performance with organizational commitment intervention. There is no indirect and insignificant negative effect of the work environment on employee performance by intervening organizational commitment. Keywords: Leadership, compensation, communication, work environment, organizational commitment and employee performance

This study aims to determine the effect of service quality, taste and price perceptions on customer loyalty through consumer satisfaction as a mediating variable. The population in this study were 100 populations of Mas Be geprek chicken customers. The sample in this study were 62 respondents with the purposive sampling technique used. The method used is the Quantitative Descriptive research method with data collection techniques in this study using a questionnaire in the form of a Google Form and distributed online via WhatsApp social media. The data analysis technique in this study is to use the SmartPLS SEM analysis method, with the media in data processing using the SmartPLS 3 program. The results of this study explain that Service Quality has no significant positive effect on Customer Satisfaction; Taste has a positive and significant effect on Customer Satisfaction; Price has a positive and significant effect on Customer Satisfaction; Service Quality has no significant positive effect on Customer Loyalty; Taste has a positive and significant effect on Customer Loyalty; Price has no significant positive effect on Customer Loyalty; And Customer Satisfaction as a mediation of Service Quality, Taste and Price has a positive effect on Customer Loyalty. Service Quality has no significant positive effect on Customer Loyalty; Taste has a positive and significant effect on Customer Loyalty; Price has no significant positive effect on Customer Loyalty; And Customer Satisfaction as a mediation of Service Quality, Taste and Price has a positive effect on Customer Loyalty. Service Quality has no significant positive effect on Customer Loyalty; Taste has a positive and significant effect on Customer Loyalty; Price has no significant positive effect on Customer Loyalty; And Customer Satisfaction as a mediation of Service Quality, Taste and Price has a positive effect on Customer Loyalty.

This study aims to determine the relationship between Organizational Commitment, Competence, and Sustainable Performance in RSHJ. The population in this study were 240 hospital employees. The sampling technique used was total sampling. The method in this study uses an exploratory approach with data analysis techniques of structural equation modeling with SmartPLS software which was tested on 240 respondents from 4 departments. This study found that Organizational Commitment has a direct positive and insignificant effect on Sustainable Performance. Work Competence has a direct and significant positive effect on Sustainable Performance. Work Discipline has a direct and significant positive effect on Sustainable Performance. Work ethic has no direct positive effect on Sustainable Performance. Organizational Culture has a direct and significant positive effect on Sustainable Performance. Work ethic has a significant positive effect directly through Organizational Culture on Sustainable Performance. Organizational Commitment has a significant positive direct effect on Organizational Culture. Work Competence does not have a direct positive effect on Organizational Culture. Work Discipline has a direct and significant positive effect on Organizational Culture. Organizational Commitment has an indirect positive and insignificant effect through Organizational Culture on Sustainable Performance. Work Competence has a significant positive indirect effect through Organizational Culture on Sustainable Performance. Keywords: Commitment Organization, Competence and Discipline and Organizational Culture, Work Ethic, Sustainable Performance DOI: 10.7176/JRDM/88-03 Publication date: October 31 st 2022

Winning While Losing: Competition Dynamics in the Presence of Indirect Network Effects

Competition among parking platforms in the presence of indirect network effects

Winning while losing: Competition dynamics in the presence of indirect network effects

Empirically Testing for Indirect Network Externalities in the LCD Television Market

This study aims to determine the effect of skills and motivation on work performance at PT. State Savings Bank The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the impact of work stress on employee performance, identify and analyze the impact of discipline on employee performance, and to know partially or simultaneously the impact of work stress and discipline on employee performance. human resources department of PT. PLN Medan Customer Service. The approach used in this study is a quantitative and associative approach. The population of this study were all employees of the HR department of PT. The customer service unit of PLN (Persero) Medan amounted to 74 people, but the number of samples that met the sampling criteria for observations made were 74 people using the saturated sampling technique. Data collection methods in this study used interviews and questionnaires. The data analysis technique in this study uses classical hypothesis testing, multiple regression, hypothesis testing (T-test and F-test), and the coefficient of determination. The data processing of this research used the Social Science Statistics Package (SPSS) version 22.00. The results of this study partially indicate that work stress has a positive and significant effect on employee performance, and job satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on the performance of employees who are members of the HR department of PT. PLN (Persero) Medan customer service implementing unit. Meanwhile, job stress and job satisfaction are known to have a significant positive effect on employee performance in the human resources department of PT. PLN Medan customer service implementation unit hypothesis testing (T-test and F-test), and the coefficient of determination. The data processing of this research used the Social Science Statistics Package (SPSS) version 22.00. The results of this study partially indicate that work stress has a positive and significant effect on employee performance, and job satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on the performance of employees who are members of the HR department of PT. PLN (Persero) Medan customer service implementing unit. Meanwhile, job stress and job satisfaction are known to have a significant positive effect on employee performance in the human resources department of PT. PLN Medan customer service implementation unit hypothesis testing (T-test and F-test), and the coefficient of determination. The data processing of this research used the Social Science Statistics Package (SPSS) version 22.00. The results of this study partially indicate that work stress has a positive and significant effect on employee performance, and job satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on the performance of employees who are members of the HR department of PT. PLN (Persero) Medan customer service implementing unit. Meanwhile, job stress and job satisfaction are known to have a significant positive effect on employee performance in the human resources department of PT. PLN Medan customer service implementation unit The results of this study partially indicate that work stress has a positive and significant effect on employee performance, and job satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on the performance of employees who are members of the HR department of PT. PLN (Persero) Medan customer service implementing unit. Meanwhile, job stress and job satisfaction are known to have a significant positive effect on employee performance in the human resources department of PT. PLN Medan customer service implementation unit The results of this study partially indicate that work stress has a positive and significant effect on employee performance, and job satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on the performance of employees who are members of the HR department of PT. PLN (Persero) Medan customer service implementing unit. Meanwhile, job stress and job satisfaction are known to have a significant positive effect on employee performance in the human resources department of PT. PLN Medan customer service implementation unit Job stress and job satisfaction are known to have a significant positive effect on employee performance in the human resources department of PT. PLN Medan customer service implementation unit Job stress and job satisfaction are known to have a significant positive effect on employee performance in the human resources department of PT. PLN Medan customer service implementation unit.

ABSTRACTThis article presents the results of a study testing the direct and indirect effects of identity, media use, cognitions and conversations on physical activity (PA). The study was guided by the O-S-O-R model (Markus & Zajonc, 1985), and it used data collected from a sample of Hispanic adults (N = 268) living in the U.S. Southwest. Exercise identity and ethnic identity were defined as pre-orientations (O1); use of PA-related media content was defined as the stimulus (S); reflective integration and conversations about PA-related media were post-orientations (O2); and self-reported physical activity was the behavioral response (R). Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data, and several compelling results emerged. Exercise identity had a significant positive direct effect on PA and PA-related media use, as well as a significant positive indirect effect on conversations about PA-related media. PA-related media use exerted a strong and significant positive effect on conversations about PA-related media, as well as a significant positive indirect effect on PA. Finally, conversations about PA-related media content had a significant positive direct effect on PA. The results indicate that identity acts as a filter influencing what media content are selected and that cognitions and conversations about media content can serve as a link between media use and health behavior. Key words: O-S-O-R model, physical activity, Hispanic adults, identity, media use, conversation

In this note, we examine how trade liberalization affects production structure in the presence of indirect network effects (hardware/software systems). For these purposes we construct a simple two-country model of trade with two incompatible hardware technologies. It is shown that, given that both types of hardware exist before trade liberalization, liberalization and increased intra-industry trade in software products may reduce the variety of hardware technology via intensified network effects. It is also shown that, contrary to the findings of previous studies on intra-industry trade, some consumers may become worse off as the result of trade.

To Hunt Or to Scavenge: Optimal Investment Strategies in the Presence of Indirect Network Effects

This study examined the effect of monetary policy on the socio-economic welfare of Nigerians between1980 and 2021 from three perspectives: income, health and education. We assessed the short and long run effects of six monetary policy variables (lending rate, savings deposit rate, liquidity ratio, monetary policy rate, loan deposit ratio and private sector credit to gross domestic product ratio) and inflation (control variable on three different socio-economic welfare variables (gross domestic product per capita, child mortality rate and primary and secondary school enrolment) during the study period.Results of the auto-regressive distributed lag (ARDL) technique show thatrevealed interest rate, liquidity rate and private sector credit have negative and significant effect on the per capita income while savings deposit rate, monetary policy rate, loan deposit rate and inflationhvesa positive and significant on per capita income. In the long run liquidity ratio and monetary policy rate have significant positive effect on income per capita while the ratio of private sector credit to GDP has a significant negative effect on it. Inflation has a positive but insignificant effect on per capita income. Furthermore, in the short run, all the selected monetary policy variables have significant effects on child mortality rate. While the effect of interest rate, liquidity ratio and monetary policy rate is negative, that of savings deposit rate, loan deposit ratio, private sector credit and inflation is positive. On the long run, interest rate, private sector credit and inflation have positive effect on child mortality but whereas the effect of interest rate is insignificant, the other two have significant effect. Regarding number of school enrolment, in the short run, interest rate has a negatively significant effect while liquidity ratio, loan deposit ratio and inflation have direct positive effect on it. Savings deposit rate has an insignificant positive effect on it while private sector credit has a negative insignificant effect on it. On the long run, interest rate, private sector credit and inflation have an insignificant positive effect on the number of primary and secondary school enrolment. Savings deposit rate, monetary policy rate and loan deposit ratio have insignificant negative effect on it. The effect of liquidity ratio is significantly positive. The study concluded that monetary policy has significant effect the socio-economic welfare life of Nigerians both in the short and long run. The study recommends the sustenance of the existing liquidity ratio and monetary policy rate due to their favourable effects on the people’s welfare.

This study aims to determine the effect of stock prices, trading volume, and variance of return on the bid-ask spread in companies that do stock splits listed on stock exchanges in Southeast Asia in 2018. In this study the sampling technique used was nonprobability purposive sampling so that produced a total of 248 companies with 26 companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, 10 companies on the Philippines Stock Exchange, 56 companies on the Malaysia Stock Exchange, 18 companies on the Singapore Stock Exchange, 48 companies on the Thailand Stock Exchange and 90 companies on the Vietnam Stock Exchange. This study uses multiple regression methods using Eviews 10 to process data. The results of the study indicate that on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, stock prices have a negative and significant effect on the bid-ask spread, trading volume has no significant negative effect on the bid-ask spread, variance returns have a positive and insignificant effect on the bid-ask spread. On the Philippine Stock Exchange, stock prices have no significant negative effect on the bid-ask spread, trading volume has a positive and significant effect on the bid-ask spread, variance returns have a positive and insignificant effect on the bid-ask spread. On the Malaysia Stock Exchange, stock prices have a negative and significant effect on the bid-ask spread, trading volume and variance returns have a positive and significant effect on the bid-ask spread. On the Singapore Stock Exchange, stock prices and trading volume have a negative and significant effect on the bid-ask spread, variance returns have a positive and insignificant effect on the bid-ask spread. On the Thailand Stock Exchange, stock prices have a negative and significant effect on the bid-ask spread, trading volume and variance returns have a positive and significant effect on the bid-ask spread. On the Vietnam Stock Exchange, stock prices have no significant negative effect on the bid-ask spread, trading volume has no significant positive effect on the bid-ask spread, variance returns have a positive and significant effect on the bid-ask spread.Keywords: Stock Price, Trading Volume, Variant Return, Bid-Ask Spread, Stock Split

The purpose of the study is to consider the potential of digital platforms as an environment for the formation of new types of relationships to promote the development of innovation and competitiveness of small and medium-sized enterprises in the EU. The main goal of digitalization, as defined in the normative documents of the European Commission, is to improve the use of the potential of information and communication technologies to promote innovation, support economic development and stimulate scientific and technological progress in general, and ultimately contribute to the formation of “smart”, sustainable and inclusive growth of the region’s economy A set of important measures is already being implemented and developed. Among them, the creation of a single digital market, which is considered as a primary goal of the European Commission strategy to ensure guaranteed access to online activities for citizens and businesses in a fair competitive environmen. Measures are being taken to reduce the cost of intercountry shipping of goods purchased online, the prices of which are 3-5 times higher than those for transactions carried out within individual countries. In order to enable the digital transformation of European industry and services, particular attention will be paid to the development of cross-sector, integrated digital platforms and large-scale pilot platforms for experimentation and co-creation with users. We define a digital platform as an organisation that offers digital services facilitating interactions between two or more different but interdependent groups of users (suppliers and individuals) via the Internet and that generate network effects. The following are characteristics of a systemically important digital platform: operating in a majority of EU countries; having significant influence on the internal market, namely the annual turnover of a group of companies; the ability to connect a large number of users with a large number of suppliers of goods (services), namely more than 45 million monthly active users located in the EU, or more than 10,000 commercial users located in the EU in the last financial year); having established economic power and stable income from intermediary services provided in the EU. In the presence of indirect network effects, the volume of demand for the platform's services will depend, among other things, on the price level and the economic model of the ecosystem. Also, when developing the EU draft law on digital markets, the European Commission, while formulating the characteristics of digital ecosystems (large digital platforms), noted the importance of having a plurality of digital services. The concept of a digital ecosystem should not include digital platforms with a single service. The digital nature of the ecosystem allows it to quickly introduce new functions and integrate data across multiple unrelated business lines and markets. These factors allow the ecosystem to avoid the traditional costs associated with rapid business expansion, both vertically (by using its services in new markets) and horizontally (by expanding the “range” of services). The digital platform uses information about the sales of suppliers on its platform to research the market and develop its own line of competing products. In this regard, the company can be accused of promoting its own products in this way. These features of the functioning of digital platforms determine the need to revise the criteria for compliance with the principles of competition. As a result of processing the user habits of citizens, the ecosystem issues a personalized offer. The consequence of this may be price discrimination, when some customers are offered more expensive goods than others, depending on their purchasing power. In this regard, it is proposed to oblige platforms to disclose the principles of such pricing. Disclosure requirements and pricing transparency are effective mechanisms for regulating the existing problem, since they increase consumer awareness, facilitate price comparison and prevent consumers from being misled. However, experts note that disclosure of pricing rules can weaken competition in the market and increase the overall price level. This measure can also lead to a lag in the development of recommendation services in the global market, a violation of commercial secrets, additional costs and a slowdown in the development of digital platforms.