Abstract

AbstractThis study presents a background estimation for the CubeSats Applied for MEasuring and LOcalising Transients (CAMELOT), which is a proposed fleet of nanosatellites for the all‐sky monitoring and timing‐based localization of gamma ray transients with precise localization capability at low Earth orbits. CAMELOT will allow us to observe and precisely localize short gamma ray bursts (GRBs) associated with kilonovae, long GRBs associated with core‐collapse massive stars, magnetar outbursts, terrestrial gamma ray flashes, and gamma ray counterparts to gravitational wave sources. A fleet of at least nine 3U CubeSats is proposed to be equipped with large and thin CsI(Tl) scintillators read out by multipixel photon counters (MPPC). A careful study of the radiation environment in space is necessary to optimize the detector casing, estimate the duty cycle due to the crossing of the South Atlantic Anomaly and polar regions, and minimize the effect of the radiation damage of MPPCs.

Highlights

  • CubeSats Applied for MEasuring and LOcalising Transients (CAMELOT) (for details, see Ohno et al (2018); Pál et al (2018); Torigoe et al (2019); Rípa et al (2018); Werner et al (2018)) is a future constellation of at least nine 3U CubeSats, which will be primarily monitoring and precisely and rapidly localizing gamma ray bursts (GRBs) (see Klebesadel et al (1973); Kouveliotou et al (2012); Vedrenne & Atteia (2009)) over the whole sky

  • It will allow regular detection of electromagnetic counterparts of gravitation wave sources similar to the breakthrough discovery of the neutron star merger GW170817 (Abbott et al 2017) associated with a short GRB 170817A (Goldstein et al 2017). This gamma ray monitoring network will allow us to observe long GRBs associated with core-collapse massive stars, soft gamma repeaters (SGR) associated with magnetar outbursts (Kouveliotou et al 1998; Mazets et al 1979), and terrestrial gamma ray flashes (TGF) produced by thunderstorms (Fishman et al 1994)

  • We briefly summarize our studies of the impact of the radiation environment in low earth orbits (LEO) on the CAMELOT satellites carried out to optimize the scintillator casing, estimate the duty cycle due to crossing of the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) and polar regions, and design radiation shielding to minimize the effect of the degradation of multipixel photon counter (MPPC) due to the proton fluxes

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Summary

INTRODUCTION

CubeSats Applied for MEasuring and LOcalising Transients (CAMELOT) (for details, see Ohno et al (2018); Pál et al (2018); Torigoe et al (2019); Rípa et al (2018); Werner et al (2018)) is a future constellation of at least nine 3U CubeSats, which will be primarily monitoring and precisely and rapidly localizing gamma ray bursts (GRBs) (see Klebesadel et al (1973); Kouveliotou et al (2012); Vedrenne & Atteia (2009)) over the whole sky It will allow regular detection of electromagnetic counterparts of gravitation wave sources similar to the breakthrough discovery of the neutron star merger GW170817 (Abbott et al 2017) associated with a short GRB 170817A (Goldstein et al 2017). We briefly summarize our studies of the impact of the radiation environment in LEO on the CAMELOT satellites carried out to optimize the scintillator casing, estimate the duty cycle due to crossing of the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) and polar regions, and design radiation shielding to minimize the effect of the degradation of MPPCs due to the proton fluxes

BACKGROUND
Trapped particles
Cosmic X-ray background
Primary H and He
Primary electrons and positrons
Secondary particles and radiation
Secondary protons
Secondary electrons and positrons
Albedo X-rays
Albedo neutrons
SHORT GRB SPECTRUM
MC SIMULATIONS
Description of Geant4 simulations
DUTY CYCLE
EXPECTED IONIZING DOSE IN MPPC
CONCLUSIONS
Findings
Methods
Full Text
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