Estimation of potential GHG emissions from net primary productivity of forests — a satellite based approach

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) using membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology have been considered a significant source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This study chose a small-scale wastewater treatment plant using MBR technology to estimate its potential for GHG emissions. The total GHG emissions from this wastewater treatment plant ranged from 2,802 to 11,946kg CO2 -eq/month within the 4-year study period, and they were mainly attributable to electricity consumption (79.94%) followed by chemical usages (17.13%) and on-site GHG emissions (2.93%). The on-site GHG emissions varied monthly, but most of them ranged from 80 to 160kg CO2 -eq/month. The aeration tank was an important operating unit for GHG emissions. Off-site GHG emissions mainly came from carbon dioxide (CO2 ) emissions resulting from electricity consumption. The results of this study provide useful information about the potential of GHG emissions from WWTPs using MBR technology and indicate that WWTPs can be sustainably managed. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Wastewater treatment plants have been considered a source of greenhouse gas emissions. Total greenhouse gas emissions from the wastewater treatment plants using membrane bioreactor were mainly attributable to electricity consumption. On-site greenhouse gas emissions were relatively insignificant in this study.

Many cities are confronting significant challenges due to the rising volume of waste. This surge in waste generation not only risks overcapacity but also contributes to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This study aims to estimate the amount of waste directed to the Galuga landfill, evaluate the potential GHG emissions resulting from the landfill, and analyze the financial viability of implementing Refuse DerivedFuel (RDF) technology, which has the potential to reduce waste volumes. This research employs three key methods: 1) Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) to identify the factors that influence waste generation, 2) the IPCC guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Volume 5 to estimate potential greenhouse gas emissions, and 3) a financial feasibility analysis to evaluate the viability of implementing RDF technology.The results show that the volume of waste directed to the Galuga landfill in 2022 was 195,787.10 tons, with a projected increase of 2.43% by 2030, bringing the total to 200,544.26 tons. The potential greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from waste generated at the Galuga landfill are estimated to be 109 kt CO2e in 2030, reflecting a decrease of 29.48% compared to 2022. Furthermore, the plan to implement RDF technologyis deemed financially viable, as it fulfills the necessary criteria for Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Benefit-Cost (B/C) Ratio, and Payback Period. Therefore, the governments may introduce various incentives to promote the adoption of RDF technology, stricter waste segregation is essential for better RDF quality, and attracting private investment through PPPs can enhance RDF infrastructure.

Population growth affects the generation of plastic waste and could potentially increase greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through the burning process. This has become a severe problem as it contributes to global warming. Therefore, plastic waste management is required, for instance, by using pyrolysis technology on a community scale. Such a project will reduce plastic waste and GHG emissions by processing plastic into valuable products. This study aims (1) to estimate potential GHG emissions before the project implementation, (2) to estimate potential GHG emissions reduction after the project implementation, and (3) to assess both potential revenue and profit of pyrolysis products. This study employs SNI 19-3694-1994 method to estimate household waste generated, the clean development mechanism (CDM) method to estimate GHGs emissions reduction, and the profit comparison method (PCM) to asses both revenue and profit of pyrolysis products. The results show that GHG emissions before the project will be 3.69 t CO2e in 2021 and could increase to 4.61 t CO2e in 2030. Potential GHG emissions reduction depends on the fuel types to heat the reactor. Only electric pyrolysis will reduce GHG emissions by up to 0.46 t CO2e (13%) annually. This project is not financially feasible because operational costs (15,772,779 IDR) exceed the annual revenue (1,014,000 IDR).

The state of Rhode Island (RI) has established its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction goals, which require rapidly acquired and updatable science-based data to make these goals enforceable and effective. The combination of remote sensing and soil information data can estimate the past and model future GHG emissions because of conversion of “low disturbance” land covers (e.g., evergreen forest, hay/pasture) to “high disturbance” land covers (e.g., low-, medium-, and high-intensity developed land). These modeled future emissions can be used as a predevelopment potential GHG emissions information disclosure. This study demonstrates the rapid assessment of the value of regulating ecosystems services (ES) from soil organic carbon (SOC), soil inorganic carbon (SIC), and total soil carbon (TSC) stocks, based on the concept of the avoided social cost of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions for RI by soil order and county using remote sensing and information from the State Soil Geographic (STATSGO) and Soil Survey Geographic Database (SSURGO) databases. Classified land cover data for 2001 and 2016 were downloaded from the Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics Consortium (MRLC) website. Obtained results provide accurate and quantitative spatio-temporal information about likely GHG emissions and show their patterns which are often associated with existing urban developments. These remote sensing tools could be used by the state of RI to both understand the nature of land cover change and likely GHG emissions from soil and to institute mandatory or voluntary predevelopment assessments and potential GHG emissions disclosures as a part of a climate mitigation policy.

Evaluation of mitigation potential of GHG emissions from the construction of prefabricated subway station

Rice straw as a renewable energy source in India, Thailand, and the Philippines: Overall potential and limitations for energy contribution and greenhouse gas mitigation

Mortality, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Consumer Cost Impacts of Replacing Short Car Trips with Cycling: A Health Impact Assessment Study

Reducing Emissions and Costs with Vehicle-to-Grid

Aquaculture is a major source of protein in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), a region experiencing rapid population growth, changing lifestyles and preferences, and increased health awareness. However, the industry is still underdeveloped and is of a subsistence nature. Climate change has impacted aquaculture production (AQUAP) in SSA because of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, AQUAP activities also results in GHG emissions. In SSA, the causal effect of GHG emissions and AQUAP has not yet been empirically established and quantified. The objective of the study was to determine the relationship between GHG emissions and AQUAP in SSA. The parsimonious vector autoregressive (VAR) model was used in the study, with annual time series data of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), meat production (MP), GHG emissions, and AQUAP from 1970 to 2020. The findings demonstrate that AQUAP in SSA was suppressed until 2006 when it suddenly increased. Western and Central Africa have dominated AQUAP in SSA. GHG emissions were dropping sporadically until 1991 when they began to rise gradually. In both the long and short run, GHG emissions had a negative influence on AQUAP, while AQUAP had an asymmetric impact on GHG emissions. AQUAP impacts GDP positively in both the long and short run, and GHG emissions had an asymmetric impact on GDP. In conclusion, GHG emissions negatively affect AQUAP. In addition, AQUAP reduced GHG emissions in the short run but however increased it in the long run. This indicates the infancy of the sector in SSA, the initial phase of the Environmental Kuznets Curves (EKC). Furthermore, GDP is positively affected by both GHG emissions and AQUAP. This also cements the initial stages of the EKC, with economic development also powered by GHG emissions, with also the positive contribution of AQUAP to economic growth. Overall, the study concludes of initial economic, and aquaculture sectoral development powered by GHG emissions. However, this is also leading to increased emissions. The study recommends upscaling AQUAP in SSA given its infancy, huge economic potential, sustainability and low GHG emission potential but should be grounded on environmentally sustainable practices.

The activity of exploration and production in oil and gas industry is significant greenhouse gas (GHG) emission source. PT. XYZ is one of upstream oil and gas industry in Indonesia and it have large crude oil and gas potential with it reserves that not manage yet. Therefore, GHG emission potential from the activity of exploration and production in PT. XYZ is very large. This study is done for estimate GHG emission reduction potential in PT. XYZ from various activities. Emission inventory is the first step to estimate GHG released to atmosphere. Method of estimation use the method developed by American Petroleum Institute (API). This study considers three types of mitigation measures options, including technical options (scenario 1), behavior option (scenario 2), and policy option (scenario 3). Based on emission inventory, flare and oil storage tank are primary source of GHG emissions in PT. XYZ. Scenario 1 prefers control of GHG emissions in flare and storage tank as primary emission source. While others scenario prefers to control GHG emission from transportation sector. Scenario 1 has potential to reduce emissions by 48.3 %. While scenario 2, and 3 in sequences have potential to reduce emissions by 0.15%, and 0.52%. Emissions flare and oil storage tank can be reduced through the installation of flaring gas recovery unit and vapor recovery unit. Both are effective and efficient in reducing GHG emissions in PT. XYZ. In addition, all mitigation measures of transportation sector provide benefits even though the amount of GHG that can be reduced is not significant.

Potential of greenhouse gas emissions from sewage sludge management: a case study of Taiwan

This study evaluates greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and reduction potential from municipal solid waste management (MSWM) following the IPCC 2006 guidelines. Under different MSWM scenarios of Phnom Penh municipality, this study quantifies GHG emissions from transportation, open burning, composting, recycling, anaerobic digestion (AD), incineration, and landfilling municipal solid waste. The study also considers the GHG emissions avoided as a benefit of recycling and electricity generation from incineration and AD. Various waste separation rates are used to evaluate the effectiveness of source segregation in GHG mitigation. The results show that the most significant net GHG emission saving is under scenario 5, avoiding about 1.15 M kg CO2‐eq/day with treatment affords 389 t/day of organic waste, 714 t/day of mixed recyclables, 777 t/day of digestible food waste, and 1,280 t/day of commingled waste via composting, recycling, AD, and incineration, respectively. The worst‐case scenario represents the current MSWM method, which generates the highest GHG emissions of 3.13 M kg CO2‐eq/day. This is due to the open burning of uncollected waste (211 t/day) and landfilling (2,835 t/day). Based on the analysis, an integrated MSWM system along with source separation for recycling and resource recovery purposes is highly recommended as it leads to the most significant reduction in environmental impacts. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the practical implications of policy frameworks for MSWM, specifically in terms of GHG emissions reduction. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

As a significant source of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, the municipal solid waste sector’s greenhouse gas emission mode remains unknown, hampering effective decision-making on possible greenhouse gas emission reductions. Rapid urbanization and economic growth have resulted in massive volumes of municipal solid trash. As a result, identifying emission reduction routes for municipal solid waste treatment is critical. In this research, we investigate the potential of municipal solid waste treatment methods in lowering greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Shenzhen, a typical Chinese major city. The results showed that the combined treatment of 58% incineration, 2% landfill, and 40% anaerobic digestion (AD) had the lowest greenhouse gas emissions of about 5.91 million tons under all scenarios. The implementation of waste sorting and anaerobic digestion treatment of organic municipal solid waste after separate collection can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by simply increasing the incineration ratio.

From peat swamp forest to oil palm plantations: The stability of tropical peatland carbon

To meet the current need for sustainable development, vermicomposting (VC), a natural, eco-friendly, and cost-effective technology, can be a wise selection for the bioconversion of organic wastes into value-added by-products. However, no one has tried to establish the VC technology as an economically sustainable technology by exploring its linkage to circular bioeconomy. Even, no researcher has made any effort to explore the usability of the earthworms (EWs) as a protein supplement while assessing the economic perspectives of VC technology. Very few studies are available on the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission potential of VC technology. Still, the contribution of VC technology towards the non-carbon waste management policy is not yet explored. In the current review, a genuine effort has been made to inspect the contribution of VC technology towards the circular bioeconomy, along with evaluating its capability to bioremediate the organic wastes generated from domestic, industrial, and agricultural premises. The potential of the EWs as a protein source has also been explored to strengthen the contribution of VC technology towards the circular bioeconomy. Moreover, the linkage of the VC technology to the non-carbon waste management policy has been comprehensively demonstrated by highlighting its carbon sequestration and GHG emission potentials during the treatment of organic wastes. It has been observed that the cost of food production was reduced by 60-70% by replacing chemical fertilizers with vermicompost. The implication of the vermicompost significantly lessened the harvesting period of the crops, thereby helping the farmers attain higher profits by cultivating more crops in a single calendar year on the same plot. Furthermore, the vermicompost could hold the soil moisture for a long time, lessening the water demand up to 30–40%, which, in turn, reduced the frequency of irrigation. Also, the replacement of the chemical fertilizers with vermicompost resulted in a 23% increment in the grapes’ yield, engendering an extra profit of up to 110000 rupees/ha. In Nepal, vermicompost has been produced at a cost of 15.68 rupees/kg, whereas it has been sold to the local market at a rate of 25 rupees/kg as organic manure, ensuring a net profit of 9.32 rupees/kg of vermicompost. EWs embraced 63% crude protein, 5–21% carbohydrates, 6–11% fat, 1476 kJ/100 g of metabolizable energy, and a wide range of minerals and vitamins. EWs also contained 4.11, 2.04, 4.43, 2.83, 1.47, and 6.26 g/kg (on protein basis) of leucine, isoleucine, tryptophan, arginine, histidine, and phenylalanine, respectively, enhancing the acceptability of the EW meal (EWM) as the protein supplement. The inclusion of 3 and 5% EWM in the diet of broiler pullets resulted in a 12.6 and 22.5% increase in their feed conversion ratio (FCR), respectively after one month. Similarly, when a 100% fish meal was substituted by 50% EWM and 50% fish meal, the FCR and growth rate of Parachanna obscura were increased substantially. The VC of maize crop residues mixed with pig manure, cow dung, and biochar, in the presence of Eisenia fetida EWs, yielded only 0.003–0.081, 0–0.17, and 130.40–189.10 g CO2-eq.kg−1 emissions of CO2, CH4, and N2O, respectively. Similarly, the VC of tomato stems and cow dung ensured 2.28 and 5.76 g CO2-eq.kg−1 CO2 emissions of CH4 and N2O, respectively. Additionally, the application of vermicompost at a rate of 5 t/ha improved the soil organic carbon proportion and aggravated carbon sequestration. The land application of vermicompost improved micro-aggregation and cut down the tillage, reducing GHG emissions and triggering carbon sequestration. The significant findings of the current review suggest that VC technology potentially contributes to the concept of circular bioeconomy, substantially negotiates potential GHG emissions, and complies with the non-carbon waste management policy, reinforcing its acceptability as an economically sound and environmentally benevolent organic waste bioremediation alternative.