Abstract
REDD plus activities corresponded in Central Kalimantan Province, Indonesia and their GHG emission reductions potential were analyzed. Target area is located in a remote area from Pa-langkaraya, Capital of Central Kalimantan Province and consisted of immigrating people mainly from Java Island. In the target area, most of local people conducted unsustainable land use activities (e.g. slash-and-burn agriculture). From analysis of past land use in the target area, there were drastic changes in land use from 1989 after migration began. Natural secondary forest with high density was greatly reduced (2010 levels are approximately 80% of 1996 levels) and converted to cropland and settlement. Also, the reduction in natural secondary forest with high density allowed Melaleuca cajuputi Powell forest to rapidly increase in size (2010 levels are approximately 3.7 times as 1996 levels). Additionally, as marked point, there was an increase in oil palm plantations from 2008 and onwards. From results of land use change in the past, mean annual GHG emissions of 5450 Gg CO2e year-1 had been continued until year 2010. To consider counter-measure for reducing GHG emissions in the target area, the relationship between past land use changes and human activities was analyzed through workshops with stakeholders of 6 different groups (village authorities, forest fire fighting team, members of farmers group, large landowners, workers outside of village and oil palm plantation and mother having small children). The results of the workshops showed that the core problem of unsustainable land use faced by 4 of the 6 groups of stakeholders was the lack of job opportunities (means to earn a living) in the target area. Also, it was learned that core groups considered oil palm plantations is to alleviate the problem and provide a source of alternative income. Furthermore, the workshops indicated that future land use scenario (reference scenario) will be based on income from oil palm plantations and, to prevent such land conversion, counter-measures (REDD plus project scenario) of indirect activities of local people’s lifestyle improvement (e.g. A new forestry system which uses abundant resources of M. cajuputi forest) and reducing pressures on forest resources should be introduced. This study indicated, by implementing REDD plus project in the target area, potential reduction in GHG emissions is quite large and such GHG reduction will be essential as mitigation activities under the new mitigation mechanism, the Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM) between Indonesia and Japan.
Highlights
Since the latter half of the 1980s, deforestation and forest degradation in tropics has increased dramatically due to a variety of causes, such as unsustainable timber production, forest fires, and conversion from forests to croplands and/or settlements (e.g. Mori, 2000; Page et al, 2002)
This study indicated, by implementing REDD plus project in the target area, potential reduction in GHG emissions is quite large and such GHG reduction will be essential as mitigation activities under the new mitigation mechanism, the Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM) between Indonesia and Japan
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Control (IPCC) had shown the mitigating potential of counter-measures against deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries at an early stage, and in its Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) in 2007 (IPCC, 2007) gave a quantitative assessment which was approximately 17% of anthropogenic GHG emissions were from a forestry sector, and reported that there are the great mitigation potential of deforestation and forest degradation countermeasures in tropical forests
Summary
Since the latter half of the 1980s, deforestation and forest degradation in tropics has increased dramatically due to a variety of causes, such as unsustainable timber production, forest fires, and conversion from forests to croplands and/or settlements (e.g. Mori, 2000; Page et al, 2002). At COP 19 in 2013, decisions relating to the implementation of REDD plus were adopted (i.e., the Warsaw Framework for REDD Plus) (UNFCCC, 2014) and it is assumed that GHG emission reduction from REDD plus will be used by countries after year 2020 These mitigation measures have been giving international attention in Southeast Asia, especially in Indonesia, which still has vast tropical forests, but their forests are under severe deforestation (24 million ha was deforestation area from 1990 to 2010) (FAO, 2010). In August 2013, Indonesia and Japan agreed with the Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM) which reduces GHG emissions by collaboration with both countries (Ministry of the Environment Government of Japan, 2013) and REDD plus was considered as one of the important mitigation action From such view, comprehensive approach is required to implement REDD plus in early stage (before year 2020) in both countries. In the Paduran area as well, large scale drainage channels crisscrossed the land, leading to huge land use transformation in the 1990s
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