Estimation of Nitrite-Nitric Oxide Derivative-In Horses with Intestinal Colic by ESR Spectroscopy.

Seid-Fatima Borunova,Zinaida Artyushina,Pavel Abramov,Nikolay Tkachev,Vladimir Serezhenkov,Neilia Khusnetdinova,Anastasia Silanteva,Baylar Iolchiev,Marina Nikitina

doi:10.3390/vetsci7040191

Abstract

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract of horses are caused by many factors and have a complex pathogenesis. Developing effective methods of differential diagnostics is of high fundamental and applied importance. The pathogenesis of diseases of the digestive tract of horses accompanied by the development of inflammation and oxidative stress, can be associated with a lack of the nitrogen monoxide which controls many signaling pathways in the body. The level of the nitric oxide (NO) is involved in the regulation of the immune and nervous systems, the tone of all the blood vessels, and the courses of many pathological processes. The nitric oxide activates guanylate cyclase (sGC) and leads to vascular relaxation. The aim of this investigation was to study the metabolites of nitric oxide in horses suffered from intestinal diseases. The levels of nitric oxide in the blood serum of horses depending on their age and health state was studied. The concentration of nitrites in the blood serum of horses aged 6–25 years was 3.4 ± 4.2 μM, and in the young horses (1–5 years) the level of this indicator was 8.2 ± 5.4 μM. A sharp decrease in nitrite was observed in all the horses with intestinal diseases of 2 ± 0.9 μM, especially with tympanitic caecun of 0.6 ± 0.4 μM and with spasmodic colic of 1.8 ± 0.5 μM. The level of nitrosylhemoglobin HbNO in the blood of the diseased animals was higher than that in clinically healthy horses, regardless of age.

Highlights

The prevalence of diseases of the stomach and intestines in horses [1,2], the multi-factorial nature of their pathogenesis, as well as the complexity of differential diagnosis, demonstrate that this topic—which requires further study—is of high practical and theoretical relevance.One of the main characteristics of gastrointestinal diseases in horses is the frequent development of endotoxic shock
Weofbelieve that low that molecular low molecular weight reaction of nitrosothiol formation—nitrosocysteine (RSNO) that are available do not make a significant contribution to the weight RSNOs that are available do not make a significant contribution to the measurement of nitrite
It is possible that nitric oxide (NO) is partially spent on the formation of DNIC [37] and an formation of nitrate (Figure 5B)

Summary

Introduction

The prevalence of diseases of the stomach and intestines in horses [1,2], the multi-factorial nature of their pathogenesis, as well as the complexity of differential diagnosis, demonstrate that this topic—which requires further study—is of high practical and theoretical relevance. One of the main characteristics of gastrointestinal diseases in horses is the frequent development of endotoxic shock. Almost all diseases of the intestine of a horse cause a change in the composition and the quantitative ratios of its microflora, a decrease in the pH of the intestinal contents. The endotoxins absorbed by the intestinal wall bind to specific CD14 receptors on the endothelial cells of blood vessels, dendrite cells, monocytes and macrophages. Through CD14 receptors, the endotoxins bind to toll-like receptors (TLR2, TLR4)

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