Abstract
Presence of renal hypoxia and its consequences to renal pathophysiology is well accepted now. Most data on renal oxygenation available today are based on animal models, and an ability to translate the findings to humans was highly desired. Although, several novel methodologies are being pursued, to date blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the only known technique available to evaluate renal oxygenation in humans. The technique is noninvasive, based on an endogenous contrast mechanism, and can be applied to both animal models and humans. The ability to evaluate relative renal oxygenation status in both health and disease could be useful in better understanding the pathophysiology and allowing for monitoring of potential novel interventions. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the principles involved and the implementation and various applications that investigators around the world have pursued to date.
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