Abstract
Evapotranspiration (ET) plays an important role in the hydrological cycle of river basins. Studying ET in the Yellow River Basin (YRB) is greatly significant for the scientific management of water resources. Here, we made full use of the advantages of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and GRACE Follow-On (GRACE-FO) gravity satellites for monitoring large-scale hydrological changes to calculate the terrestrial water storage anomaly (TWSA) and terrestrial water flux in the YRB from May 2002 to June 2020. Furthermore, combined with terrestrial water flux, precipitation, and runoff data, ET in the YRB was calculated based on the water budget equation and then compared with other traditional ET products. The mutation of annual mean ET was identified by the Mann–Kendall trend test method, and the seasonal and interannual variations of ET were explored. ET was closely related to precipitation. Annual mean ET exhibited a sudden change in 2011, with an insignificant downward trend from 2003 to 2010, followed by an increasing trend from 2011 to 2019, particularly after 2016. Compared with the traditional ET monitoring methods and products, the ET estimated by GRACE/GRACE-FO observations provides a new way to effectively obtain continuous and reliable ET data in a wide range of river basins.
Highlights
IntroductionEvapotranspiration (ET) includes evaporation from soil and water surfaces and plant transpiration, among others [1]
Received: 27 December 2021Evapotranspiration (ET) includes evaporation from soil and water surfaces and plant transpiration, among others [1]
Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and GRACE-FO showed that the terrestrial water storage anomaly (TWSA) presented characteristics of significant on GRACE and GRACE-FO RL06 Mascon data [60] (Figure 2)
Summary
Evapotranspiration (ET) includes evaporation from soil and water surfaces and plant transpiration, among others [1]. It is an important part of ecosystems and is a dominant component of the global water and energy cycle [2]. ET has important value when applied to the rational distribution of water resources and drought monitoring [3,4]. Because ET is one of the most important components of the climate system—connecting the water, energy, and carbon cycles—ET changes can be used as an indicator of climate change, especially in areas where the water cycle is accelerated. ET has often been used to evaluate the changes in regional drought characteristics [5,6].
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