Abstract
We conducted a detailed estimation of direct and indirect CO2 emissions related to multi-person households in 49 Japanese cities. Direct energy consumption was decomposed into energy use in order to consider the relationship with regional conditions. The results showed that CO2 emissions from direct energy consumption were almost as large as indirect CO2 emissions induced by consuming products and services, suggesting that lifestyle improvements are important for both energy savings and reducing CO2 emissions relating to product and service consumption. In addition, CO2 emissions from direct energy consumption varied widely between cities, making them susceptible to regional conditions. We also calculated CO2 emissions from direct energy consumption and examined the regional conditions for individual forms of energy use. CO2 emissions were higher in cold regions and lower in larger cities. In Japan, large cities are often located in relatively warm areas, so we conducted an analysis to distinguish the effects of climatic conditions from those of urbanization. This analysis allowed us to clarify the effects of regional conditions on factors such as heating/cooling and the ratio of detached houses to apartments.
Highlights
The growing severity of global warming has made reducing CO2 emissions resulting from daily human activities an increasingly important issue [1,2,3]
A large proportion of total CO2 emissions originate from the use of heating/cooling units and hot water, highlighting that climate is an important factor in such assessments [5,6,7]
The size and density of urban areas is important as residential housing characteristics and availability of city gas have significant effects. As such factors vary widely between different cities and regions, it is important to better define CO2 emissions from residential housing according to regional characteristics and introduce regionally appropriate measures
Summary
The growing severity of global warming has made reducing CO2 emissions resulting from daily human activities an increasingly important issue [1,2,3]. Our estimation method counted CO2 emissions related to fuel refining and transportation, and CO2 emissions associated with power consumption at power plants, as CO2 emissions due to direct energy consumption When incorporating these into total CO2 emissions, including indirect CO2 emissions (Section 3), we divided them into energy use by proportional allocation. Our estimation method counted CO2 emissions related to fuel refining and Stursatnaisnpaboilrittya2ti0o20n,,12a,n4d678CO2 emissions associated with power consumption at power plants, as oCfO172 emissions due to direct energy consumption When incorporating these into total CO2 tehmeyisasiroenrsa,reilnycliunsdtianlgledinindirreescitdeCnOti2aleamreiasssi.oAnss s(uScehct,idoinstr3i)c,t hweeatdinigviadnedd ctohoelminginwtaos ennoetrcgoynsuidseerebdy ipnrtohpios rmtioondaell.allocation. The full details of this method are provided in Hirano et al [41]
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