Abstract
Airfoils have their respective applications in almost every engineering field ranging from wind turbine blades, aircraft, and cooling fans to sophisticated electronic components. Thus, the flow over the airfoils is of primary focus to engineers in developing appropriate applications to meet the current standards in technology as well as demands. However, the underlying surface pressure characteristics need significant attention to understand the flow over airfoils completely. Generally, the flow over an airfoil and the time series pressure on the surface is linear and hence the aerodynamic forces are considered to be linear. But as the flow is perturbed due to external disturbances, nonlinearities creep in, and the surface pressure characteristics exhibit nonlinear behaviour. The ice accretion on the leading edge of the airfoil was witnessed to be an opportunity to investigate the nonlinear surface pressure characteristics. The current experimental study aims to investigate the dynamics of the surface pressure characteristics of four distinct ice geometries on the NACA0012 airfoil at a Reynolds number of $2\times 10^{5}$ . The angle of attack of the airfoil was varied from 0° to 24° with an increment of 3°. The 0–1 test for chaos was applied to the ice accreted airfoils at all the pressure ports on the suction surface of the airfoil. The test gives a single value for K, known as the asymptotic growth rate of the mean squared displacement. The value of K = 0 implies that the underlying dynamics could be periodic and when the value of K = 1, the underlying dynamics show aperiodicity and hence chaos. The horn iced airfoil performed significantly weaker compared to other ice accretion geometries because a significantly higher amount of chaos was produced in the flow field due to the presence of a geometry resembling a separation bubble. This aided in the substantial increment in drag and loss of lift for the horn ice accreted airfoil.
Highlights
Airfoils are the predominant pillars, which support aviation and wind turbine industries in delivering quality solutionsThe associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Ludovico Minati .and meeting public demands
Estimating the coefficient of pressure (Cp) plot to study the flow field around the airfoil would only serve as a preliminary tool since the pressure at each port is the average of all the pressures over a time interval
To judge the dynamics of the system with ease, the 0-1 test for chaos has been implemented, which elucidates the dynamics of the system with a single value K = 0 (Periodic dynamics) or K = 1 (Chaotic dynamics)
Summary
Airfoils are the predominant pillars, which support aviation and wind turbine industries in delivering quality solutionsThe associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Ludovico Minati .and meeting public demands. Pillai et al.: Estimation of Chaotic Surface Pressure Characteristics of Ice Accreted Airfoils – A 0-1 Test Approach unfavorably modify the geometry of the airfoil could deteriorate the performance of the airfoil to a certain extent that is not appreciable. These factors could include accretion of ice on the leading edge of the blade profile, accumulation of dirt (foreign particles), etc. Due to the formation of peculiar ice shapes, the flow over the airfoil is aerodynamically disturbed, and the flow-field downstream of the airfoil could be chaotic and pave the way for large-amplitude fluctuations in pressure This could induce additional stresses in the hazardous material
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