Estimation of carbon stock in Kandyan Homegardens located in Kandy and Matale

Carbon dioxide elimination pattern in morbidly obese patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery

Toadfish (Opsanus tau) essentially lacking circulating erythrocytes were pre pared by repeated exchange transfusion with serum. The rate of nitrogen secretion is not changed by removal of the erythrocytes. Oxygen secretion is slowed dras tically. This shows that nitrogen secretion does not require erythrocytes and is not driven by oxygen secretion. In the absence of circulating erythrocytes, oxygen and nitrogen are brought into the swimbladder in proportion to their concentrations in blood plasma. Carbon dioxide partial pressure in the secreted gas mixture is three to fourfold greater than the pressure generated by acidifying arterial blood. This implies counter-current multiplication of the small increment of carbon dioxide pressure brought about by acidification of the blood. In the presence of blood buffers, increased carbon dioxide pressure will increase blood bicarbonate. Three independent estimates indicate that, during gas secretion, gas gland blood is near pH 6.5. Total carbon dioxide (CO2, HCO3, CO3) is increased from the arterial value near 2 mM to about 14 mM, divided nearly equally between carbon dioxide and bicarbonate anion. The increment in total blood carbon dioxide concentration together with the well-known increment in lactate anion may serve to salt out inert gases from solution in blood plasma.

Although precise species-specific aboveground tree biomass equations are needed in the Dominican Republic to quantify potential carbon storage in the context of climate change and sustainable forest management, there has been a lack of available information concerning total aboveground biomass and/or carbon content for naturally occurring Pinus occidentalis trees. The objectives of the study were to develop species-specific allometric biomass models for P. occidentalis, as well as to assess variation in carbon concentration among stem plus bark, branches and foliage by means of chemical analyses. Predictor variables included diameter at breast height (DBH) and total tree height (H), alone and in combination. Model fitting methods employing linear and nonlinear regression techniques were used and evaluated based on goodness-of-fit criteria. Two competing biomass models produced similar goodness-of-fit statistics: model 4, fitted by the Weighted Non-linear Least Squares technique, , and model 6, fitted by modeling the variance component and applying the Maximum Likelihood method, . Average carbon concentration (%) was highest in foliage tissue (49.8%), followed by branches (46.37%) and, lastly, stem plus bark (45.95%). On average, each individual tree is storing 175 kg of total aboveground carbon. To our knowledge, this is the first account reporting carbon fraction for this tropical species. Calculated wood carbon fractions from the study can be easily incorporated into forest C accounting, and may reduce errors in forest C valuations, which nowadays are performed using global estimates published elsewhere.

A significant discrepancy was noted in our laboratory between the total plasma carbon dioxide concentration measured by the Kodak Ektachem 700 and the bicarbonate concentration derived from the Corning 170 pH/Blood Gas analyser in an 8-day-old patient. The concentration of total carbon dioxide was 18 mmol/L while the derived bicarbonate was 13 mmol/L. The patient was eventually diagnosed as maple syrup urine disease. This finding led us to examine the effect of various organic acids on the measurement of carbon dioxide by the Ektachem 700. Several interfered significantly. Clinicians should be aware that when organic acid concentrations are increased, the Ektachem 700 total carbon dioxide result may be falsely raised.

An apparatus is described which permits continuous monitoring of the concentration of both the total and radioactive carbon dioxide around an experimental plant. The apparatus consists of a closed circuit of tubing into which are introduced a plant chamber, an infrared CO2 analyzer, a Geiger tube, and a pump. Continuous records are obtained rom which are calculated the amounts of total carbon dioxide and C14 absorbed or evolved by a plant. With an apparatus 2.03 liters in volume, evolution or absorption of amounts of CO2 as small as 0.01 mg were measured. The time necessary to observe a change in the concentration of C14 in the chamber (i.e. the lag time) is less than 2 seconds. The corresponding value for the total carbon dioxide is 7 seconds.Experiments on the respiration and photosynthesis of detached shoots of Pinus resinosa in an atmosphere containing C14O2 are described as an example of the use of the apparatus. The external C14O2 was continuously diluted with C12O2 in both light and dark. However, evolution of carbon dioxide in the light (light respiration) was only about 20% of that in the dark (dark respiration).

Solving the problem of carbon dioxide emissions

The history and results of a clinical examination were recorded for 32 spring-born suckler calves which were hospitalised for intravenous fluid therapy. Blood samples were taken before treatment, during treatment and before discharge and analysed for colostral status, total carbon dioxide as an indication of acid-base status, and haematocrit. All the calves were given intravenously 5 to 10 litres of electrolyte solution containing 144 mmol/litre sodium, 4 mmol/litre potassium, 113 mmol/litre chloride and 35 mmol/litre bicarbonate, supplemented, in 24 calves, with up to 450 ml of 1M sodium bicarbonate. Nearly all the calves were recumbent but less than half were dehydrated on admission. The signs of dehydration were well correlated with each other and with the haematocrit. Neither the history nor the clinical signs were useful predictors of acidosis. There was no relationship between the severity of acidosis and the degree of dehydration. Acidosis was more prevalent in older calves (P < 0.01). For the severely acidotic calves, supplementary intravenous fluid with sodium bicarbonate significantly (P < 0.05) improved the total blood carbon dioxide at discharge. All 32 calves recovered. It is possible to treat acidotic calves with intravenous fluid therapy effectively, economically and according to their individual needs. The Harleco apparatus is a simple, useful, cost-effective adjunct to the diagnosis and treatment of this life-threatening condition.

Forests have a vital role in maintaining global climate stability by removing greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide from environment. Estimation of carbon stock is crucial in quantifying the amount of carbon that is present in the forest. The estimation of forest biomass and carbon stock through field measurements is a challenging and timeconsuming task. Here in this scenario, our study aims to estimate carbon stock in a forest area using the hybrid technique i.e., aerial survey and ground survey. We used low-altitude remote sensing data acquired by UAV to estimate biomass and carbon stock in an efficient way compared to the traditional techniques. We developed an orthomosaic from the collected aerial imageries and manually delineated tree crowns to obtain crown projection area (CPA) for the entire study area using GIS tools. Our study area contained a mixed species with Pinus Wallichiana to be the dominant species while other species are negligible. Using field-measured tree height and diameter at breast height (DBH) as input, we estimated above-ground biomass (AGB) with an allometric equation and then used a factor value to estimate carbon stock or aboveground carbon (AGC) for six sample plots. Next, we developed a relationship between CPA and carbon stock and validated it by comparing the carbon stock values obtained from the allometric equation for the remaining four sample plots. Among the various developed model, 4th order Polynomial model was chosen due to its highest coefficient of correlation. After the model validation was done the AGC of whole study area was obtained by using the CPA delineated manually from the orthomosaic image. The total AGC and AGB obtained for our study area which was about 7 hectare was 210.7480 tons and 448.4 tons respectively.

A study was carried out to assess tree diversity, forest carbon stock and carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration in Nambor tropical semi-evergreen forest. A total of 53 tree species from 47 genera and 32 families were recorded in the forest. Vatica lanceifolia was the dominant tree species with maximum 33.78 importance value index (IVI), 0.30 Shannon diversity index (H′) and 0.03 Simpson’s index (D) followed by Lagerstroemia reginae (20.75 IVI, 0.18 H′ and 0.004 D), Dysoxylum excelsum (17.70 IVI, 0.20 H′ and 0.006 D), Sterculia villosa (14.15 IVI, 0.09 H′ and 0.0007 D) and Toona ciliata (11.60 IVI, 0.07 H′ and 0.0004 D) as codominant species. Among the forest carbon pools, maximum 50.32% carbon was stored in soil followed by 39.42% in above ground biomass and 10.21, 0.03 and 0.02% in below ground, leaf litter and dead debris pools, respectively. Total ecosystem carbon stock in Nambor forest was estimated to be 244.78 Mg ha−1. The estimated carbon stock was extrapolated over 3700 hectare area and found to be 905186.50 Mg. The total forest carbon stock was also converted into CO2 equivalents and estimated as 3,322,034.46 Mg. The study observed that forest ecosystem offsets significant amount of atmospheric CO2; therefore, conservation and management of forest resources are imperative to combat global climate change.

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; For the first time the hydrochemical examination of the spring waters of the village of Aketi of Lanchkhuti municipality was conducted. The content of magnesium and calcium ions, hydrocarbonate ions, chloride ions, sulfate ions, dry balance, permanganate oxidation, total iron ions, dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide is determined. The content of total iron ions, dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide. Relatively simple and fast chemical and physico-chemical methods with good reproducibility were selected for determination. Biogenic substances were determined by the photometric method.&#x0D; Objective: We aimed to study the chemical composition of the spring waters of Aketi village of Lanchkhuti municipality. We determined the following: the content of magnesium and calcium ions, hydrocarbonate ions, chloride ions, sulfate ions, dry balance, permanganate oxidation, total iron ions, dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide in the spring waters of Aketi village of Lanchkhuti municipalityThe relevance of the issue lies in the fact that the content of the above-mentioned ions was determined for the first time in the given waters, for which highly sensitive methods were selected.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Pseudohypobicarbonatemia Caused by an Endogenous Assay Interferent: A New Entity

We have measured total carbon dioxide in plasma with a new carbon dioxide analyzer, and compared the results with total carbon dioxide data derived from measurements of carbon dioxide tension and pH. The results agree sufficiently well to demonstrate that the new instrument provides a simple, efficient procedure for monitoring the precision and accuracy of pH, carbon dioxide tension, or total carbon dioxide in plasma.

British Food Journal Volume 48 Issue 4 1946

The present investigation was conducted on a 22- year old Elm plantation established at Wadura campus of SKUAST-Kashmir. Four diameter classes viz., D1 (5-10cm), D2 (10-15cm), D3 (15-20cm) and D4 (&gt;20cm) were stratified from the plantation and 24 trees (6 from each diameter class) were randomly selected and felled in the year 2015. The growth parameters of the trees increased with increase in the diameter class. The maximum height, dbh, basal area and stem volume were 14.98m, 23.77cm, 0.044m2 and 0.400m3, respectively. Biomass per tree of all tree components viz., stem, branches, foliage and roots showed significant increase with increase in the diameter of the trees. The total biomass, carbon stock and carbon dioxide equivalent increased from lower to higher diameter classes. The highest values observed for these parameters were 475.54 kg/tree (fresh), 148.59 kg/tree and 543.82 kg/tree, respectively under D4 diameter class. The biomass allocation coefficient of branch and root (BACb and BACr) attained higher values in lower diameter classes. The maximum and minimum values of these coefficients were 0.158 and 0.085; 0.298 and 0.278, respectively under D1 and D4 diameter classes. The size of trees did not produce significant effect on the biomass allocation coefficient of foliage (BACf). The diameter of the trees produced non-significant difference in the growth efficiency (GE) of different tree components.

During the European Polarstern Study (EPOS leg 1 and leg 2) measurements of temperature, salinity, inorganic nutrients, chlorophyll-a, oxygen and total inorganic carbon dioxide were performed from October to January 1988–1989 in north-south sections at 47–49 °E in the NW Weddell Sea from approximately 58 °S to 63 °S (Hempel 1989; Hempel et al. 1989). In order to explain parts of the obtained data, a time-dependent ecological model was constructed by Svansson (1991). He found that a moderate mixing with a constant diffusion coefficient from sea surface downwards resulted in good agreement between computed and measured chlorophyll. In this paper we introduce the gas fluxes, mainly oxygen but also carbon dioxide, into the model work. It turns out that air-sea fluxes are necessary to explain the vertical oxygen distribution. The annual development of chlorophyll, phosphate, oxygen and total inorganic carbon dioxide are computed. Hours of day-light, losses and the eddy diffusion coefficient are allowed to vary during the year with the condition that the mean total chlorophyll at 14 selected leg 1 stations was nearly double the magnitude of that of 18 selected leg 2 stations. This yields variations consistent with the observations. Different steady-state solutions after 91 days are also tested to show effects of one selected variation at a time, for example the eddy diffusion coefficient or the loss rate. The oxygen air-sea flux, of about 90 mmol m−2 day−1 in the time variable model computation, is compared to estimated fluxes by a gas transfer formula. The formula used gives a flux which is about 5 times smaller than the model flux. Some of the 91 days solutions give results of fluxes which are less than 90 mmol m−2 day−1 but still higher than the transfer formula result. Fluxes of total inorganic carbon dioxide in the model computation are always directed from air to sea.