Estimation of Carbon Dioxide and Carbon Stock of Vegetation along the Sukarno-Hatta Street Sides

The study was conducted in the forest concession area of PT. Diamond Raya Timber, Riau Province, Indonesia. Measurement and calculation carbon stocks in soil and vegetation of tropical peat forest should be done accurately to anticipate carbon trading. The objective of the study is to estimate carbon stocks in soil and vegetation in 4 forest conditions. The study found that biomass and carbon stocks in the soil was 8 times higher than in the vegetation in primary forest condition, and 10 times in logged over forest and secondary forest condition. Carbon stocks in vegetation and soil were 189.45 ton C ha -1 and 1537.37 ton C ha -1 in primary forest, 161.76 ton C ha -1 , and 1713.77 ton C ha -1 in logged over area, 139.05 ton C ha -1 and 1486.39 ton C ha -1 in secondary forest, and 43.09 ton C ha -1 and 1205.59 ton C ha -1 in degraded forest. Allocation of carbon stocks in the standing trees in primary forest, logged over area, secondary forest, and degraded forest were 70, 60, 62, and 7% respectively.

Oil palm has the ability to sequester carbon dioxide stored as carbon stock. This study aimed to estimate carbon stock in some age classes, to determine the relationship between Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and carbon stock, and to estimate the distribution of oil palm carbon stock in Landscape Sembilang Dangku. Estimation of carbon stock were carried out at the non productive age plant phase namely l2 years, 2-3 years, and the productive plant age phase namely 4-10 years andg 10 years. The carbon stock estimation used allometric equations. Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) /Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) was analyzed to determine NDVI. Making a map of the classification of carbon stock distribution using Software QGIS Las Palmas 2.18.0. The results showed that the carbon stock in the age class l2 years was 9.50 ton C/ ha, the age class of 2-3 was 9.62 ton C/ha, the age of 4-10 was 28.23 ton C/ha and in the age classg 10 was 79.83 ton C/ha. The relation between NDVI with carbon stock had a strong correlation (r = 0.9972) with regression equation Y = 638.13x - 242.65. Carbon stock distribution was based on percentage of area as follows: l15 ton C/ha covering an area of 26.52%, 15-25 ton C/ha covering an area of 5.29%, 26-70 ton C ha covering an area of 35.41%, and g 70 ton C/ha 32.78%.

Abstract. Wongprom J, Maneeanakekul S, Tara A, Chandaeng W, Duangnamon D, Rueangket A, Wechakit D, Wanthongchai P, Maknual C. 2023. Vegetation structure and carbon stock of restored mangrove on abandoned shrimp pond in the International Mangrove Botanical Garden Rama IX, Thailand. Biodiversitas 24: 5821-5830. The conversion of mangrove forest into shrimp aquaculture has severely impacted biodiversity and increased carbon emissions. Restoration program is thus urgently needed for such mangrove forests. In this study, we investigated the vegetation structure and composition, and biomass and carbon stock of restored mangrove on abandoned shrimp pond. Observation plots at restoration sites with age of 3-year-old (MF3) and 14-year-old (MF14) were established in the International Mangrove Botanical Garden Rama IX, Chanthaburi Province, Thailand and at abandoned shrimp pond (ASP) and protected mangrove forest (PMF) as reference sites. The diameters and heights of mangrove species were measured and identified in order to determine the vegetation structure, composition, biomass, and carbon stock. Soil samples from four soil depths, i.e. 0-15, 15-30, 30-50, and 50-100 cm, were collected to quantify the soil carbon stock. The results showed the good growth of Rhizophora stand planted at the restored sites with high vegetation biomass and carbon stock. This species also promoted species diversity, suggesting that Rhizophora spp. are suitable species for the restoration of abandoned shrimp pond. The vegetation biomass and carbon stock of MF14 (230.99 t ha-1 and 102.54 t C ha-1, respectively) was higher than that of PMF (133.84 t ha-1 and 64.94 t C ha-1, respectively). Higher vegetation and soil carbon stocks of the restored mangrove forest was positively influenced by the Rhizophora stand. However, the ecosystem carbon pool of PMF was higher (366.38 t C ha-1). This result indicates that the conservation of mangrove forest is significant to maintain the forest diversity, ecosystem function, and reducing carbon emissions, while mangrove forest restoration is essential to improve the vegetation structure and increase the soil and vegetation carbon stocks.

<p>Accurately representing historical soil and vegetation carbon stocks in land data systems is important when evaluating outcomes of land use change decisions (e.g. land use change emissions). Moreover, carbon stocks (especially soil carbon stocks) are subject to uncertainty and vary significantly based on assumptions used by different data sets. For this reason, when representing carbon stocks in data systems, it is important to present a range of values based on the distribution of carbon stock observations for a given unit (region/country/basin) at the grid cell level.</p><p>We updated the moirai land data system (LDS) to generate historical estimates of soil carbon stocks (at a depth of 0-30 cms) and vegetation carbon stocks (broken down into above ground and below ground biomass) at the sub-national (basin) level based on global fine resolution raster input data. The LDS has also been programmed to calculate soil carbon stock values based on multiple data sets (such as SoilGrids database maintained by the ISRIC and the harmonized world soil database maintained by the FAO) to enable efficient comparisons of carbon stock estimates by end users between data sets. Moreover, to account for uncertainty, carbon stocks are calculated for 6 “states” based on 5 arcmin grid cell level observations of carbon stocks (The states are -weighted average, median, minimum, maximum, quartile 1 and quartile 3).  This provides a robust representation of soil and vegetation carbon stocks at the sub-national level which are differentiated by data sources and the above-mentioned states, which can be used to represent more realistic outcomes from land use change decisions. To demonstrate the utility of this data, we also implemented the same in the land module of a multi sector dynamics model, Global Change Analysis Model (GCAM) to observe the impacts on land use change decision outcomes with different initializations of carbon stock data.   </p>

Oil palm has the ability to sequester carbon dioxide stored as carbon stock. This study aimed to estimate carbon stock in some age classes, to determine the relationship between Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and carbon stock, and to estimate the distribution of oil palm carbon stock in Landscape Sembilang Dangku. Estimation of carbon stock were carried out at the non productive age plant phase namely <2 years, 2-3 years, and the productive plant age phase namely 4-10 years and> 10 years. The carbon stock estimation used allometric equations. Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) /Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) was analyzed to determine NDVI. Making a map of the classification of carbon stock distribution using Software QGIS Las Palmas 2.18.0. The results showed that the carbon stock in the age class <2 years was 9.50 ton C/ ha, the age class of 2-3 was 9.62 ton C/ha, the age of 4-10 was 28.23 ton C/ha and in the age class> 10 was 79.83 ton C/ha. The relation between NDVI with carbon stock had a strong correlation (r = 0.9972) with regression equation Y = 638.13x - 242.65. Carbon stock distribution was based on percentage of area as follows: <15 ton C/ha covering an area of 26.52%, 15-25 ton C/ha covering an area of 5.29%, 26-70 ton C ha covering an area of 35.41%, and > 70 ton C/ha 32.78%. Keywords: age class, carbon stock, landscape, NDVI

A GIS-based approach for quantifying and mapping carbon sink and stock values of forest ecosystem: A case study

This study aims to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) Â and formulate coaching strategy of Adiwiyataschools in Sintang Regency. A qualitative descriptive method with IFAS and EFAS analysis technique were used. The results shows dominant strengths factor including vision, mission and objectives that are environmentally sound in Adiwiyata school team. Meanwhile dominant weakness factor involves the limited budget allocation for Adiwiyata development. The dominant factor of opportunity and threat including ability in followingcompetencies in other activities in the field of environment and mutations of school principals or teachers, respectively. Adiwiyata regency school positions based on IFAS and EFAS analysis are in quadrant II (23,-5). Thus the coaching strategy includes (1) capacity building, skills and knowledge of Adiwiyata team through seminars and training funded by local government; (2) Budget allocation proportionally for supporting activities of Adiwiyata both from schools and local government that is regularly enrolled every year; (3) Vision, mission and school objectives must accommodate local wisdom of the community in protecting the environment; (4) school principal and teacher mutations should consider tracking not on a pragmatic basis. To realize the coaching strategy needs to be done continuous cooperation between the schools with various stakeholders so as to increase the predicate Adiwiyata at a higher level.Keywords: Coaching strategy, Regency Adiwiyata, School management, Sintang Regency

Evaluating the role of terrestrial ecosystems in the global carbon cycle requires a detailed understanding of carbon exchange between vegetation, soil, and the atmosphere. Global climatic change may modify the net carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems, causing feedbacks on atmospheric CO2 and climate. We describe a model for investigating terrestrial carbon exchange and its response to climatic variation based on the processes of plant photosynthesis, carbon allocation, litter production, and soil organic carbon decomposition. The model is used to produce geographical patterns of net primary production (NPP), carbon stocks in vegetation and soils, and the seasonal variations in net ecosystem production (NEP) under both contemporary and future climates. For contemporary climate, the estimated global NPP is 57.0 Gt C y–1, carbon stocks in vegetation and soils are 640 Gt C and 1358 Gt C, respectively, and NEP varies from –0.5 Gt C in October to 1.6 Gt C in July. For a doubled atmospheric CO2 concentration and the corresponding climate, we predict that global NPP will rise to 69.6 Gt C y–1, carbon stocks in vegetation and soils will increase by, respectively, 133 Gt C and 160 Gt C, and the seasonal amplitude of NEP will increase by 76%. A doubling of atmospheric CO2 without climate change may enhance NPP by 25% and result in a substantial increase in carbon stocks in vegetation and soils. Climate change without CO2 elevation will reduce the global NPP and soil carbon stocks, but leads to an increase in vegetation carbon because of a forest extension and NPP enhancement in the north. By combining the effects of CO2 doubling, climate change, and the consequent redistribution of vegetation, we predict a strong enhancement in NPP and carbon stocks of terrestrial ecosystems. This study simulates the possible variation in the carbon exchange at equilibrium state. We anticipate to investigate the dynamic responses in the carbon exchange to atmospheric CO2 elevation and climate change in the past and future.

Climate change poses a threat in the form of temperature elevation, which can alter weather patterns and ecological balance, necessitating urgent mitigation strategies, such as emission reduction and enhanced carbon sequestration in the urban forest. This research aimed to analyse vegetation density through the NDVI approach, assess tree stand structure and composition, and approximate aboveground carbon stocks in the urban forest, specifically in Eduforest, Bekasi Regency, Indonesia. The methodology involved vegetation analysis and carbon stock estimation, utilising allometric and destructive estimation for seedling and understory levels. The high-density class in Eduforest had the highest area increase in 2023, from 0.64 ha in 2013 to 1.31 ha in 2023. There are 36 species found in all growth levels and the understory. The dominant species, such as Swietenia mahagony, Acacia mangium, and Falcataria falcata, are fast-growing. The tree-growth level has the highest carbon stock (39.90 tons/Ha) of the other growth levels. Eduforest can be an alternative effort to maintain vegetation diversity and carbon stock in addressing climate change.

Global warming and biodiversity loss are two critical issues currently debated among scientists and world policy makers. Forest retention and various reforestation and reforestation programs can play an important role in mitigating global climate change through sequestering atmospheric carbon. Forests are still the subject of discussion of the negotiations and exclude the contribution of vegetation outside the forest area. In fact, if trees outside the forest are not cut down, it can also reduce carbon emissions in the atmosphere. The lack of evidence regarding its potential and contribution to carbon stocks means that trees outside the forest have not been able to enter the negotiation.
 Vegetation in urban areas are an example of tree communities outside forest that have a major contribution to carbon sequestration in the atmosphere. Urban vegetation can be found in two main locations: Urban Green Open Spaces (UGS) and Road Landscapes (RL). In Bali, especially in Denpasar City, Glodokan Tiang or Polyalthia longifolia trees are planted as road shading trees or trees in green open spaces. To prove its contribution in terms of carbon sequestration, data management and a mechanism for calculating carbon stocks are needed. Generally, the calculation of tree carbon stock consumes a lot of energy and time because it is done manually (measuring tree height and DBH). Technology of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) can be used as an alternative to efficiently calculate the estimated of carbon stock in Urban Vegetation. The calculation uses the DBH value approach using the canopy area and tree height model (CHM) obtained from UAV data processing using the Sfm method.
 UAV estimates show that the highest AGB value at Bajra Sandhi Renon Field is 201.59 kg with a stored carbon content of 94.75 kg, while on I Gusti Ngurah Rai Bypass has the highest AGB value of 215.04 kg with a stored carbon content of 101.07 kg. These results have been validated by field observations, where the results of the regression analysis at the location of Bajra Sandhi Renon and I Gusti Ngurah Rai, shows that between field observation data and estimation data with UAV there is no significant difference. While the results of the t-test: Paired Two Sample for Means at the Bajra Sandhi Renon Field and the Bypass I Gusti Ngurah Rai have a value above the significance level which proves that there is no significant difference between the carbon stock value from field observations and the carbon stock from the UAV approach.
 
 Keywords: Carbon Stock; Urban Vegetation; UAV-Sfm.

Peat swamp forest fire was the main cause of the huge carbon stock loss. Forest recovery after fire took a huge cost and long period of time. The aim of this research was to determine the carbon stock on various peat land condition and management intervention and utilize it as bio-indicator for degraded peat swamp forest recovery after fire. The data was collected from three location representing three sites: after 1997 fire (ex 1997), unburnt secondary forest and area that was severely burnt in 2005 but already re-planted. Measurement was carried out on the vegetation carbon stock namely seedlings, saplings, poles and trees. The carbon stock was determined using 5 sampling plots on secondary forest and 6 plots on other sites. Carbon counting was using allometric equation. The result showed that the carbon stock was affected by the various type and management intervention of the sites especially at the rehabilitation site. The carbon stock of ex-1997 and secondary forest was not significantly different on all stages of vegetation including the total number. The carbon stock on ex-1997 and secondary forest was 258, 95 Mg/Ha and 254,36 Mg/Ha, respectively. The condition showed that ex-1997 site had the ability to naturally recovered. The rate of recovery can be approached with carbon stock estimation as indicator for peatland recovery after fire. The indicator can be used on sites with no species diversity requirements as recovery factor such as protected or conservation areas. Keywords: natural, allometric, degradation, indicator

This study assessed the carbon stock at the Nueva Vizcaya State Uni-versity Agricultural Innovation Center in Singian Hills, Tuao South, Bagabag, Nueva Vizcaya. The study covered a 100% inventory of trees with a diameter at breast height of at least 10 centimeters and above. Brown’s formula was used to compute the carbon stock of the species. Trees with a diameter at breast height of less than 70 cm and greater than 70 cm were computed separately. A total of 383 trees with 39 tree species were found in the area. It was found that a total of 910,460.10 kilograms was being sequestered equivalent to 564, 485.26 kilogram of carbon stock. The most abundant and recorded as the largest in terms of diameter breast height in the area is the Rain tree (Samanea saman) followed by Gmelina (Gmelina arborea) and Mangga (Mangifera indica). The rain tree that has the largest diameter breast height has a record of 119 cm with an aboveground biomass of 16,107.45 kg and a carbon stock of 9,986.62 kg. The study concludes that increasing tree volume leads to greater carbon dioxide seques-tration, emphasizing the importance of tree planting and forest con-servation for climate change mitigation and addressing global warm-ing.

Estimation of total carbon stock in any forest is very important as it provides ecological as well as economic benefits through various environmental services. The study was carried out to quantify the vegetation and soil carbon stock of natural Chirpine (Pinus roxburghii) forest of in sub-tropical region of Makawanpur district, Nepal. The inventory of estimating above and below ground biomass of forest was carried out using stratified random sampling method Forest biomass was calculated using standard allometric models. Soil samples were taken from soil profile up to 40 cm depth at the interval of 20 cm. Walkey and Black method (1934) was used for measuring soil organic carbon. Total amount of carbon stock in Pinus roxburghii forest was 213.05 t/ha with above ground carbon stock 140. 56 t/ha, below ground carbon stock 27.14 t/ha and soil organic carbon 45.35 t/ha respectively. Total carbon stock in Pinus roxburghii forest was composed of 66% for above ground, 21% by the soil and 13% by below ground. The study concluded that forest types and soil play an important role on total carbon sequestration. Hence, the goal of reducing carbon sources and increasing the carbon sink can be achieved efficiently by protecting and conserving the carbon pools in existing forests ecosystem.

Forests have a vital role in maintaining global climate stability by removing greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide from environment. Estimation of carbon stock is crucial in quantifying the amount of carbon that is present in the forest. The estimation of forest biomass and carbon stock through field measurements is a challenging and timeconsuming task. Here in this scenario, our study aims to estimate carbon stock in a forest area using the hybrid technique i.e., aerial survey and ground survey. We used low-altitude remote sensing data acquired by UAV to estimate biomass and carbon stock in an efficient way compared to the traditional techniques. We developed an orthomosaic from the collected aerial imageries and manually delineated tree crowns to obtain crown projection area (CPA) for the entire study area using GIS tools. Our study area contained a mixed species with Pinus Wallichiana to be the dominant species while other species are negligible. Using field-measured tree height and diameter at breast height (DBH) as input, we estimated above-ground biomass (AGB) with an allometric equation and then used a factor value to estimate carbon stock or aboveground carbon (AGC) for six sample plots. Next, we developed a relationship between CPA and carbon stock and validated it by comparing the carbon stock values obtained from the allometric equation for the remaining four sample plots. Among the various developed model, 4th order Polynomial model was chosen due to its highest coefficient of correlation. After the model validation was done the AGC of whole study area was obtained by using the CPA delineated manually from the orthomosaic image. The total AGC and AGB obtained for our study area which was about 7 hectare was 210.7480 tons and 448.4 tons respectively.

Urban forests provide many ecosystem services that significantly enhance urban centres’ sustainability and city residents’ well-being. They play a vital role in capturing carbon dioxide and facilitating its long-term storage through biomass and soil, thereby contributing to climate regulation. The Delhi Ridge forest is a key urban forest ecosystem that substantially benefits the surrounding communities. In this study, we assessed the vegetation carbon stocks (VCS), soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks, and total carbon stocks (TCS) across four segments of the Delhi Ridge using non-destructive biomass assessment methods. Our findings indicated that the VCS, SOC stocks (up to a 10 cm depth), and TCS for the entire Delhi Ridge are 47.72, 25.77, and 73.48 Mg C ha-1, respectively. In contrast to traditional assessments of carbon stocks, we approached this analysis from a monetary perspective. By linking the climate regulation benefits of the Delhi Ridge to the social cost of carbon in India, we found that the CO2 equivalent for the entire Delhi Ridge amounts to 269.44 Mg ha-1, offering climate damage prevention benefits valued at US$23,171.48 ha-1. These results are intended to enhance stakeholders’ understanding of the intangible climate regulation benefits that arise from the Delhi Ridge and to support policymakers in formulating targeted, climate-resilient strategies for the city.