Estimation of Canopy Height Using an Airborne Ku-Band Frequency-Modulated Continuous Waveform Profiling Radar

Abstract

An airborne Ku -band frequency-modulated continuous waveform (FMCW) profiling radar terms as Tomoradar provides a distance-resolved measure of microwave radiation backscattered from the canopy surface and the underlying ground. The Tomoradar waveform data are acquired in the southern Boreal Forest Zone with Scots pine, Norway spruce, and birch as major species in Finland. A weighted filtering algorithm based on statistical properties of noise is designed to process the original waveform. In addition, another algorithm of estimating canopy height for the processed waveform is developed by extracting the canopy top and ground position. A higher-precision reference data from a Velodyne VLP-16 laser scanner and a digital terrain model are introduced to validate the accuracy of extracted canopy height. According to the processed results from 127 765 copolarization measurements in 32 stripes of Tomoradar field test, the mean error of canopy height varies from −0.04 to 1.53 m, and the root-mean-square error approximates 1 m. Moreover, the estimated canopy heights highly correlate with the reference data in view of that the correlation coefficients maintain from 0.86 to 0.99 with an average value of 0.96. All these results demonstrate that Tomoradar presents an important approach in estimating the canopy height with several meters footprint and is feasible of being a validation instrument for satellite LiDAR with large footprint in the forest inventory.