Abstract
This study focused on the estimation of black carbon emissions from dry dipterocarp forest fires in Thailand. Field experiments were set up at the natural forest, Mae Nam Phachi wildlife sanctuary, Ratchaburi Province, Thailand. The dead leaves were the main component consumed of the surface biomass with coverage higher than 90% in volume and mass. The dead leaves load was 342 ± 190 g∙m−2 and followed by a little mass load of twig, 100 g∙m−2. The chemical analysis of the dead leaves showed that the carbon content in the experimental biomass fuel was 45.81 ± 0.04%. From the field experiments, it was found that 88.38 ± 2.02% of the carbon input was converted to carbon released to the atmosphere, while less than 10% were left in the form of residues, and returned to soil. The quantity of dead leaves consumed to produce each gram of carbon released was 2.40 ± 0.02 gdry biomass burned. From the study, the emissions factor of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, particulate matter (PM2.5) and black carbon amounted 1329, 90, 26.19 and 2.83 g∙kg−1dry biomass burned, respectively. In Thailand, the amount of black carbon emissions from dry dipterocarp forest fires amounted 17.43 tonnes∙y−1.
Highlights
IntroductionForest fires in dry dipterocarp forest (DDF) occur in Thailand during the dry season, from
Forest fires in dry dipterocarp forest (DDF) occur in Thailand during the dry season, fromDecember to April, when trees shed their leaves, and the leaf litter can accumulate quickly, and serve as perfect fuel for burnings to be set by local communities
To 99°25′E longitude, on a high mountain covering the Suan Pueng district, Khing Amphoe Ban Kha and Park Tho district, close to the border of Thailand and Myanmar, and the altitude for this area ranges from 200 to 1400 m above the sea level. This wildlife sanctuary has a total area of 489 km2, and the forest types included therein are composed of dry evergreen forest, dry dipterocarp forest, mixed deciduous forest (Figure 1) and pure stand bamboo forest
Summary
Forest fires in dry dipterocarp forest (DDF) occur in Thailand during the dry season, from. December to April, when trees shed their leaves, and the leaf litter can accumulate quickly, and serve as perfect fuel for burnings to be set by local communities. Fires of tropical deciduous forests, including dry dipterocarp forest and mixed deciduous forest in Thailand are generally man-made. The type of fires occurred in DDF is characterized as surface fire, since the fuel is composed of biomass present on the ground surface of the forest, including leaf litter, twig, grass, undergrowth, shrub, climber, and seedling. The leaf litter constitutes the major component of biomass fuel. Studies on fuel consumption indicated that about 95% of biomass fuels in DDF are consumed by surface fires [2]
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