Abstract
Jointly influenced by natural factors and artificial protection measures in recent years, the vegetation coverage of the Loess Plateau has significantly increased. However, extensive vegetation recovery can result in massive water consumption and a severe soil water deficit, which poses a great threat to the sustainable development of the regional ecological system. Maintaining the balance between precipitation and water consumption is an important foundation of ecological security in the Loess Plateau. Based on this, the present study used the GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) gravity satellite data to simulate the annual actual water consumption from 2003 to 2014 and to analyze the temporal and spatial evolution of the regional precipitation and the actual evapotranspiration (AET). This study also applied the newly developed rainwater utilization potential index (IRUP) to quantify the sustainability of the water balance in the Loess Plateau. The spatial-temporal patterns of precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, and AET from 2003 to 2014 in the Loess Plateau were all analyzed in this study. Based on the results, the annual average precipitation (AAP) and AET in the entire Loess Plateau had significant increasing trends. The analysis of the spatial distribution reveals that the AET was decreasing from the southeast to the northwest in the Loess Plateau. However, the average values of potential evapotranspiration did not obviously change. Based on the estimated AET result, it was determined that the average IRUP had an increasing trend. The increase in the IRUP is due to an increased rate of precipitation that is statistically higher than that of the AET. Consequently, the Loess Plateau experienced a wetting trend during the period of 2003–2014, especially after the Grain for Green project was implemented. The results in this paper were proven by using three different depths of ERA-Interim (a global atmospheric reanalysis product created by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) soil water content data from the same period and the observed runoff data from 18 different hydrological sites. Consequently, it seems that the vegetation could maintain a sustainable growth with the implementation of the Grain for Green Project.
Highlights
The Loess Plateau is located in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River and has become one of the most vulnerable and most eroded areas, which is one of the worst environmental regions in the world due to the erosion of loess and the impact of climate change and human activities [1,2]
We compared the actual evapotranspiration (AET) results calculated by water balance with the AET estimated using the GRACE gravity data for the six typical watersheds
Maintaining the balance between precipitation and water consumption is an important foundation of ecological security in the Loess Plateau
Summary
The Loess Plateau is located in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River and has become one of the most vulnerable and most eroded areas, which is one of the worst environmental regions in the world due to the erosion of loess and the impact of climate change (high-frequency torrential rains and extreme droughts) and human activities (overgrazing and mining) [1,2]. Under the joint influence of climate change and human activities, the problems of serious soil erosion and ecological deterioration in the Loess Plateau seem to have been effectively alleviated and mitigated through a series of ecological restoration projects and natural restoration activities. Despite this success, there has been controversy over whether the vegetation water consumption in the Loess Plateau during these years is sustainable. Due to the scarce rainfall in the Loess Plateau, water resources are the biggest limiting factor to ecological sustainability [6]
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