Abstract
Background. A correlation has been noted between diabetes mellitus (DM) and changes in the oral cavity. The present study aimed to estimate, compare, and correlate serum and salivary glucose and IgA levels and salivary candidal carriage in diabetic and non-diabetic individuals. Methods. Eighty-eight subjects were categorized into three groups: group 1 (controlled DM; n=27), group 2 (uncontrolled DM; n=32) and group 3 (non-diabetics; n=29). Serum and salivary glucose levels were estimated by glucose oxidase/peroxidase method, serum and salivary IgA by a diagnostic kit, and candidal colonization by inoculating samples into Sabouraud dextrose agar plate. Statistical analyses were carried out by one-way ANOVA, post hoc Tukey tests, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Results. Significant elevation of serum IgA levels was observed in group 2 compared to group 3 and significant decreases in salivary IgA levels in groups 1 and 2. The candidal carriage was significantly higher in group 2 compared to group 3. Serum glucose and salivary IgA levels showed a significant correlation in group 1. There was a positive correlation between serum/ salivary glucose and serum/salivary IgA levels in group 2. In addition, there was a significant correlation between serum glucose and serum IgA levels in group 3. Conclusion. Saliva could be a potential, non-invasive diagnostic tool to estimate glucose levels. The evaluation of salivary components, like IgA, might be useful in diagnosing and managing oral manifestations in diabetic individuals. Elevated salivary glucose levels contribute to elevated candidal carriage, making individuals susceptible to oral candidiasis.
Highlights
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a multisystem disorder considered a relative or complete deficiency of insulin release and/or associated resistance to the action or function loss of insulin in target tissues.[1]
The World Health Organization (WHO) has predicted an increase in the number of diabetic patients to >300 million by the year 2025.2 In Asia, Indians are at greater risk of developing this disorder; India is called the “diabetes capital of the world.”[3]. Early screening of diabetes mellitus (DM) is necessary for a better prognosis and to avoid clinical complications.[4]
The mean serum glucose level was much higher in group 2 than group 1, with the least in group 3
Summary
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a multisystem disorder considered a relative or complete deficiency of insulin release and/or associated resistance to the action or function loss of insulin in target tissues.[1]. The present study aimed to estimate, compare, and correlate serum and salivary glucose and IgA levels and salivary candidal carriage in diabetic and non-diabetic individuals. Serum and salivary glucose levels were estimated by glucose oxidase/peroxidase method, serum and salivary IgA by a diagnostic kit, and candidal colonization by inoculating samples into Sabouraud dextrose agar plate. Serum glucose and salivary IgA levels showed a significant correlation in group 1. There was a positive correlation between serum/ salivary glucose and serum/salivary IgA levels in group 2. There was a significant correlation between serum glucose and serum IgA levels in group 3. The evaluation of salivary components, like IgA, might be useful in diagnosing and managing oral manifestations in diabetic individuals. Elevated salivary glucose levels contribute to elevated candidal carriage, making individuals susceptible to oral candidiasis
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