Abstract
Summary Impacts of bottom fishing, particularly trawling and dredging, on seabed (benthic) habitats are commonly perceived to pose serious environmental risks. Quantitative ecological risk assessment can be used to evaluate actual risks and to help guide the choice of management measures needed to meet sustainability objectives. We develop and apply a quantitative method for assessing the risks to benthic habitats by towed bottom‐fishing gears. The method is based on a simple equation for relative benthic status (RBS), derived by solving the logistic population growth equation for the equilibrium state. Estimating RBS requires only maps of fishing intensity and habitat type – and parameters for impact and recovery rates, which may be taken from meta‐analyses of multiple experimental studies of towed‐gear impacts. The aggregate status of habitats in an assessed region is indicated by the distribution of RBS values for the region. The application of RBS is illustrated for a tropical shrimp‐trawl fishery. The status of trawled habitats and their RBS value depend on impact rate (depletion per trawl), recovery rate and exposure to trawling. In the shrimp‐trawl fishery region, gravel habitat was most sensitive, and though less exposed than sand or muddy‐sand, was most affected overall (regional RBS = 91% relative to un‐trawled RBS = 100%). Muddy‐sand was less sensitive, and though relatively most exposed, was less affected overall (RBS = 95%). Sand was most heavily trawled but least sensitive and least affected overall (RBS = 98%). Region‐wide, >94% of habitat area had >80% RBS because most trawling and impacts were confined to small areas. RBS was also applied to the region's benthic invertebrate communities with similar results. Conclusions. Unlike qualitative or categorical trait‐based risk assessments, the RBS method provides a quantitative estimate of status relative to an unimpacted baseline, with minimal requirements for input data. It could be applied to bottom‐contact fisheries world‐wide, including situations where detailed data on characteristics of seabed habitats, or the abundance of seabed fauna are not available. The approach supports assessment against sustainability criteria and evaluation of alternative management strategies (e.g. closed areas, effort management, gear modifications).
Highlights
Bottom trawling and dredging interact directly with larger areas of seabed habitat than other human activities (Kaiser et al 2002) and are widely perceived to have significant2014)
Unlike qualitative or categorical trait-based risk assessments, the relative benthic status (RBS) method provides a quantitative estimate of status relative to an unimpacted baseline, with minimal requirements for input data
We develop a simple, widely applicable quantitative level-3 ERAEF method for assessing relative benthic status (RBS) in areas fished with towed bottom-contact gears
Summary
Bottom trawling and dredging interact directly with larger areas of seabed habitat than other human activities (Kaiser et al 2002) and are widely perceived to have significant2014). Quantitative (Zhou & Griffiths 2008) and quantitative-spatial (Pitcher 2014) ERAEF approaches have been developed and applied These provide estimates of absolute status and support more refined advice about management measures needed to meet sustainability objectives. These different levels of ERAEF were placed in a 3-tier ‘triage’ framework by Hobday et al (2011) where risk is assessed by more detailed level 2 or 3 methods (with greater data demand and cost expected) if less detailed level 1 or 2 methods indicate that risk is non-negligible
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