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Abstract
Geomagnetic storms generate heightened magnetovariational activity, which induces electric fields that drive hazardous currents known as geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) through man-made technological conductors including power transmission lines, railway networks and gas pipelines. We multiply magnetotelluric (MT) impedances from 23 sites in Scotland and northern England with measured geomagnetic field spectra from the Halloween 2003 and September 2017 storms to estimate maximum peak-to-peak, electric field magnitudes and directions for these storms, which we present as hazard maps. By sampling these electric fields in the direction of the longest (>50 km), high-voltage (275 and 400 kV) Scottish power transmission lines and integrating along their lengths, we estimate their associated transmission-line voltages. Lateral electrical conductivity variations in the Earth generate horizontal magnetic field gradients. We investigate the effect of these gradients on electric field estimates obtained using remote magnetic fields by applying a correction to the impedance tensor derived from the magnetic perturbation tensor between the local MT site and the remote magnetic field site. For the September 2017 storm, we also compare our estimated electric fields with a unique dataset comprising measured storm-time electric fields from 7 MT sites. We find that peak-to-peak, electric field magnitudes may have reached 13 V/km during the Halloween storm in some areas of the Scottish Highlands, with line-averaged electric fields >5 V/km sustained along a number of long-distance, high-voltage power transmission lines; line-averaged electric fields for the September 2017 storm are 1 V/km or less. Our surface electric fields show significant site-to-site variability that arises due to Earth’s internal 3D electrical conductivity structure, as characterised by the MT impedance tensors.
Highlights
A bit like Jekyll and Hyde (Stevenson, 1886), the Sun exerts both benign and malevolent influences on our society, providing nurturing warmth and light on the one hand and cancer-causing UV rays and magnetic disturbances that threaten our technological infrastructure (e.g., Boteler, 2003; Cannon et al, 2013) on the other
We multiply magnetotelluric (MT) impedances from 23 sites in Scotland and northern England with measured geomagnetic field spectra from the Halloween 2003 and September 2017 storms to estimate maximum peak-to-peak, electric field magnitudes and directions for these storms, which we present as hazard maps
We find that peak-to-peak, electric field magnitudes may have reached 13 V/km during the Halloween storm in some areas of the Scottish Highlands, with line-averaged electric fields >5 V/km sustained along a number of long-distance, high-voltage power transmission lines; lineaveraged electric fields for the September 2017 storm are 1 V/km or less
Summary
A bit like Jekyll and Hyde (Stevenson, 1886), the Sun exerts both benign and malevolent influences on our society, providing nurturing warmth and light on the one hand and cancer-causing UV rays and magnetic disturbances that threaten our technological infrastructure (e.g., Boteler, 2003; Cannon et al, 2013) on the other. Large magnetic storms are observed on Earth following coronal mass ejections (CME), which expel highvelocity charged particles (called plasma) that carry strong magnetic flux, increasing solar-wind pressure and magnetic field intensity and driving rapidly-varying electric currents in Earth’s. In the UK, our embracement of green energy in the form of offshore windfarms is arguably exposing our power networks to greater risks from magnetic storms, since induced voltages are directly proportional to the distances over which induced electric fields are integrated and our dependence on long-distance, high-voltage, power transmission lines is increasing (OECD, 2018). Railways and gas pipelines form conductive networks that are affected by geomagnetic storms
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