Abstract
Live coral is harvested throughout the Indo-West Pacific to make lime, used in the consumption of the world’s fourth-most consumed drug, betel nut. Coral harvesting is an environmental concern; however, because lime-making is one of the few sources of income in some areas of Papua New Guinea (PNG), the practice is unlikely to stop. To better manage coral harvest, we used standard fishery-yield methods to generate sustainable-harvest guidelines for corymbose Acropora species found on the reef flat and crest at Lababia, PNG. We constructed a yield curve (weight-specific net annual-dry-weight production) by: 1) describing the allometric relationship between colony size and dry weight, and using that relationship to estimate the dry weight of Acropora colonies in situ; 2) estimating annual growth of Acropora colonies by estimating in situ, and describing the relationship between, colony dry weight at the beginning and end of one year; and 3) conducting belt-transect surveys to describe weight-frequencies and ultimately to predict annual weight change per square meter for each weight class. Reef habitat covers a total 2,467,550 m2 at Lababia and produces an estimated 248,397 kg/y (dry weight) of corymbose Acropora, of which 203,897 kg is produced on the reef flat/crest. We conservatively estimate that 30,706.6 kg of whole, dry, corymbose, Acropora can be sustainably harvested from the reef flat/crest habitat each year provided each culled colony weighs at least 1805 g when dry (or is at least 46 cm along its major axis). Artisanal lime-makers convert 24.8% of whole-colony weight into marketable lime, thus we estimate 7615.2 g of lime can be sustainably produced annually from corymbose Acropora. This value incorporates several safety margins, and should lead to proper management of live coral harvest. Importantly, the guideline recognizes village rights to exploit its marine resources, is consistent with village needs for income, and balances an equally strong village desire to conserve its marine resources for future generations.
Highlights
Lime, including calcium oxide (i.e., CaO) and calcium hydroxide (i.e., Ca(OH)2) manufactured from live coral is commonly used as an adjuvant for the world’s fourth-most consumed drug, Areca catechu
On the basis of measurements of 60 colonies, a simple metric was the best predictor of the dry weight (g) of corymbose Acropora colonies at Kamiali Wildlife Management Area (KWMA) (Fig 4)
Socioeconomic conditions at Lababia, PNG make it unlikely that coral harvest for betel-nut lime production will stop within KWMA
Summary
Lime, including calcium oxide (i.e., CaO) and calcium hydroxide (i.e., Ca(OH)2) manufactured from live coral is commonly used as an adjuvant for the world’s fourth-most consumed drug, Areca catechu. An estimated 600 million people [1,2] chew some combination of the drupe of the palm A. catechu, lime powder, and part of the betel plant Piper betle for a sense of well-being, heightened alertness, increased stamina, and as an anorectic [3]. Because it is most-frequently chewed with the betel plant and it is popularly called a nut, betel nut is the English name for the areca drupe [2]. In Papua New Guinea, live Acropora species are the preferred source of lime because a purer white powder can be produced relative to other sources [5]. On Andra Island, PNG, lime production consumes approximately 2100 m3 of live Acropora per year [5]
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