Abstract
stands in the beech-maple type forest and in two stands in the oak-hickory type near East Lansing, Michigan. A large proportion of the cavities originated from limb scars in the tree crowns; others were caused by rot, lightning scars, and frost cracks. The most cavities occurred in unmanaged stands of the beech-maple type. A large proportion of cavity entrances in boles above the bases were 2 to 4 in. in diameter. The size of cavities in tree boles as indicated by horizontal crosssection diameters was larger in the unmanaged than in the managed stands. The vertical extent of a cavity was generally proportional to the horizontal diameter. Cavities at bases of trees were common only in beech-maple stands, generally in enlarged bases of large trees. Cavities in boles above the bases were
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