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Abstract
Abstract. Atmospheric ammonia (NH3) plays an important role in atmospheric aerosol chemistry. China is one of the largest NH3 emitting countries with the majority of NH3 emissions coming from agricultural practices, such as fertilizer application and livestock production. The current NH3 emission estimates in China are mainly based on pre-defined emission factors that lack temporal or spatial details, which are needed to accurately predict NH3 emissions. This study provides the first online estimate of NH3 emissions from agricultural fertilizer application in China, using an agricultural fertilizer modeling system which couples a regional air quality model (the Community Multi-scale Air Quality model, or CMAQ) and an agro-ecosystem model (the Environmental Policy Integrated Climate model, or EPIC). This method improves the spatial and temporal resolution of NH3 emissions from this sector. We combined the cropland area data of 14 crops from 2710 counties with the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land use data to determine the crop distribution. The fertilizer application rates and methods for different crops were collected at provincial or agricultural region levels. The EPIC outputs of daily fertilizer application and soil characteristics were input into the CMAQ model and the hourly NH3 emissions were calculated online with CMAQ running. The estimated agricultural fertilizer NH3 emissions in this study were approximately 3 Tg in 2011. The regions with the highest modeled emission rates are located in the North China Plain. Seasonally, peak ammonia emissions occur from April to July. Compared with previous researches, this study considers an increased number of influencing factors, such as meteorological fields, soil and fertilizer application, and provides improved NH3 emissions with higher spatial and temporal resolution.
Highlights
Ammonia (NH3) is the most important and abundant alkaline constituent in the atmosphere, with a wide range of impacts
This study considers an increased number of influencing factors, such as meteorological fields, soil and fertilizer application, and provides improved NH3 emissions with higher spatial and temporal resolution
It is coupled to the Fertilizer Emission Scenario Tool for Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) (FESTC) system (Ran et al, 2010; CMAS, 2014), which contains the Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (EPIC) model (Williams et al, 1984)
Summary
Ammonia (NH3) is the most important and abundant alkaline constituent in the atmosphere, with a wide range of impacts. It is coupled to the Fertilizer Emission Scenario Tool for CMAQ (FESTC) system (Ran et al, 2010; CMAS, 2014), which contains the Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (EPIC) model (Williams et al, 1984) This system includes the influences of meteorology, air–surface exchange, and human agricultural activity. Compared with a traditional emission inventory, the model performances for NO−3 concentration and N deposition in the USA are improved (Bash et al, 2013) Until now this method has not yet been used to estimate the agricultural fertilizer NH3 emission in China. For the first time in this study, we estimate China’s NH3 emission from agricultural fertilizer use in 2011, based on the CMAQ model with a bi-directional NH3 exchange module coupled to the FEST-C system with the EPIC agro-ecosystem. The uncertainties of this method are discussed in detail at the end of the section
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