Estimating Livestock Grazing Activity in Remote Areas Using Passive Acoustic Monitoring

Ilias Karmiris,Konstantinos Ioannou,Antonia Galanaki,Aspassia D Chatziefthimiou,Ioakim Vasiliadis,Theodoros Kominos,Dionisios Youlatos,Christos Astaras,Nikolaos Stefanakis

doi:10.3390/info12080290

Abstract

Grazing has long been recognized as an effective means of modifying natural habitats and, by extension, as a wildlife and protected area management tool, in addition to the obvious economic value it has for pastoral communities. A holistic approach to grazing management requires the estimation of grazing timing, frequency, and season length, as well as the overall grazing intensity. However, traditional grazing monitoring methods require frequent field visits, which can be labor intensive and logistically demanding to implement, especially in remote areas. Questionnaire surveys of farmers are also widely used to collect information on grazing parameters, however there can be concerns regarding the reliability of the data collected. To improve the reliability of grazing data collected and decrease the required labor, we tested for the first time whether a novel combination of autonomous recording units and the semi-automated detection algorithms of livestock vocalizations could provide insight on grazing activity at the selected areas of the Greek Rhodope mountain range. Our results confirm the potential of passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) techniques as a cost-efficient method for acquiring high resolution spatiotemporal data on grazing patterns. Additionally, we evaluate the three algorithms that we developed for detecting cattle, sheep/goat, and livestock bell sounds, and make them available to the broader scientific community. We conclude with suggestions on ways that acoustic monitoring can further contribute to managing legal and illegal grazing, and offer a list of priorities for related future research.

Highlights

Livestock grazing is an activity of profound economic considerations for pastoral communities [1] and an important ecosystem service provided by public lands [2]
Livestock grazing is an important ecosystem service provided by public lands to pastoral communities, and it needs to be carefully managed in order to sustain it
For the first time, the potential of passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) as a tool for monitoring diel and seasonal periodicity and the duration of grazing in an area

Summary

Introduction

Livestock grazing is an activity of profound economic considerations for pastoral communities [1] and an important ecosystem service provided by public lands [2]. By virtue of its impact on individual plant growth, survival, and reproduction (and on plant population dynamics and community succession [3,4]), grazing has long been valued as an effective means of modifying habitats [5]. The impact of livestock grazing on natural ecosystems depends on the grazing regime. Light to moderate grazing can be beneficial for wild herbivores that predominate in early successional forest habitats, such as lagomorphs [7] and geese [6], but could have an

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