Abstract
This paper develops a way of thinking about and measuring private ideology by applying research on attitude formation to the measurement of political ideology. The measure, called FILTER, is widely generalizable to the study of political elites in and out of government, within and across countries. Application of this belief formation model of political ideology avoids several measurement problems that afflict commonly used action-based measures of public ideology. The method can be used to estimate the personal political preferences of politicians whose preferences are either not directly observable, or those who may be punished for making their preferences public. The method is applied to generate estimates for the 107th US Senate.
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