Estimating Energy Expenditure during Level, Uphill, and Downhill Walking.

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The load carriage decision aid (LCDA) walking equation was developed from literature-aggregated group mean data to calculate standing and level walking energy expenditures in healthy, military-age adults. The LCDA walking equation has not been validated for use in individuals or graded walking. We aimed to validate the LCDA walking equation as a predictor of standing and level walking energy expenditure in individuals and expand to a new graded walking equation for uphill and downhill walking. We compiled standing, level walking, and graded walking energy expenditures measured in 95 participants from 11 studies. Walking speeds reached up to 1.96 m·s with grades ranging between -40% and 45%. The LCDA walking equation was validated against the aggregated standing and level walking data. The new LCDA graded walking equation was developed and cross-validated on the graded walking trials. We compared each equation against four reference predictive equations with the standard error of estimation (SEE) as the primary criterion. The LCDA walking equation accurately estimated standing and level walking energy expenditure (bias, -0.02 ± 0.20 W·kg; SEE, 0.20 W·kg). Addition of the novel grade term resulted in precise estimates of uphill and downhill walking energy expenditure (bias, 0.09 ± 0.40 W·kg; SEE, 0.42 W·kg). The LCDA walking equation is a valid predictor of standing and walking energy expenditure in healthy, military-age individuals. We developed a novel grade term for estimating both uphill and downhill walking energy expenditure with a single equation. Practitioners can use the new LCDA graded walking equation to calculate energy expenditure during standing as well as walking on level, uphill, and downhill slopes.