Abstract
Analyses of simultaneous measurements of wind speed at 10 m, U10, significant wave height, Hs and peak wave period, Tp from 3 National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) buoys during the passage of 6 hurricanes over the wind seas when U10 ≥ 9 m s −1 indicate that overwater downwind turbulence intensity (TI) can be formulized as TI=-6.06×10-5U102+ 4.93×10-3U10 + 3.95×10-2, here U10 is the wind speed at 10 m height over sea surface. It is found that TI = 0.08 when U10 = 9 m s−1, and it peaks up to approximately 0.14 when U10 ≈ 40 m s −1. Thereafter, TI saturates as U10 continuously increases. From this TI formulation, overwater friction velocity (U*) is inferred as U*= 0.40U10(-6.06×10-5U102 + 4.93×10-3U10 + 3.95×10-2). This friction velocity parameterization is further verified by 3 independent methods: the direct eddy covariance, the wind gust and the wind-current interaction. It shows that this proposed U* formula is valid up to U10 = 56 m s−1 during Super Typhoon Megi (2010) as validated by measurements based on the wind-current interaction method.
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