Estimates of potential ozone stomatal uptake in mature trees of Quercus ilex in a Mediterranean climate

Abstract

This paper is focused on evaluation of the potential ozone stomatal fluxes (FO 3) under seasonally varying microclimatic conditions at two levels of the canopy of an evergreen Mediterranean plant species, Holm oak ( Quercus ilex L.), and on comparing them with ozone hourly averages, in order to assess what are the main environmental/physiological variables that most affect the definition of critical levels for Mediterranean vegetation. Microclimatic factors such as radiation, temperature and wind velocity greatly affected gas exchange rates and stomatal conductance to water vapour measured at different heights. O 3 concentration values highlight a daily cycle with higher nocturnal O 3 concentrations above the canopy than below it. Similar O 3 trends have been observed by using passive diffusive samplers. As a consequence, potential O 3 stomatal fluxes calculated for the upper layer of the canopy are higher than those below the canopy. Moreover, O 3 concentration values show an opposite seasonal trend compared to FO 3. These opposite trends are clearly due to the stomatal closure in drier months, as a protection against excessive water losses that yield low FO 3 values during high O 3 concentration. This paper highlights the different contribution of different Holm oak canopy portions to overall O 3 uptake impact, attributing important roles to microclimatic conditions and to physiological activity related to stomata opening, which in turn is affected by internal and external effectors (hormones, water availability, hydraulic conductance, etc.). We cannot exclude an O 3 effect on stomatal cell guards and on the carbon assimilation process working in the mesophyll cells. Further research needs to be considered to evaluate more clearly the risk of O 3 on Mediterranean vegetation taking into consideration microclimatic conditions, plant physiology and possible plant canopy defensive reactions to O 3, so as to define an air quality standard to protect the vegetation.