ESTIMATES OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES BURDEN ATTRIBUTABLE TO HIGH SODIUM INTAKE FROM 1990 TO 2019: A SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF DATA FROM THE GLOBAL BURDEN OF DISEASE STUDY

Abstract

Background: Sodium intake shows a positive correlation with blood pressure, resulting in an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This study is aimed at evaluating global CVDs burden due to high sodium intake (HSI) from 1990 to 2019. Methods: Data on high dietary sodium attributable CVDs burden were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study 2019. The numbers and age-standardized rates (ASRs) of mortality and years of living with disability (YLDs), stratified by location, sex, and socio-demographic Index (SDI), were used to assess the high sodium intake attributable CVDs burden from 1990 to 2019. Results: Globally in 2019, the deaths and YLDs numbers caused by high sodium related CVDs were 1.72 million and 3.57 million, respectively, increasing by 41.1% and 93.4% from 1990. Meanwhile, the corresponding mortality and YLDs rates dropped by 35.2% and 5.0%. The relationship between CVDs burden and SDI exhibited an inverted V-shaped curve. Middle SDI countries bore the greatest burden and experienced the greatest increase, while high SDI countries had the lowest mortality rate and low SDI countries had the lowest YLDs rate. Men had a higher risk suffering CVDs from high dietary sodium. And the leading cause of high sodium attributable deaths and YLDs burdens was ischemic heart disease. Conclusions: From 1990 to 2019, the global deaths and YLDs rates of high sodium intake attributable CVDs decreased with spatiotemporal and sexual heterogeneity. However, CVDs burden attributable to high sodium still remains a major public health challenge because of the increasing absolute numbers of deaths and YLDs. The regional socioeconomic status needs to be considered when establishing the targeted controls to reduce the high sodium related CVDs burden.