Estimates for Liouville equation with quantized singularities

Abstract

For Liouville equations with singular sources, the interpretation of the equation and its impact are most significant if the singular sources are quantized: the strength of each Dirac mass is a multiple of 4π. However the study of bubbling solutions around a quantized singular source is particularly challenging: near the singular source, the spherical Harnack inequality may not hold and there are multiple local maximums of bubbling solutions all swarming to the singular source. In this article we seek to provide a complete understanding of the blowup picture in this core difficulty and we establish two major types of results: first we prove that not only the first derivatives of coefficient functions tend to zero at the singular source, the second derivatives also have a vanishing estimate. Second we derive pointwise estimates for bubbling solutions to be approximated by global solutions, which have crucial applications in a number of important projects. Since bubbling solutions near a singular source are very commonly observed in geometry and physics, it seems that the estimates in this article can also be applied to many related equations and systems with various backgrounds.