Abstract
Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum) oil contains high free fatty acid (FFA) that is 21.62%. Nyamplung oil can be utilized as raw material for biodiesel production. Microwave is a method of heating that is used intensively to speed up the production process. Ionic liquid has high catalytic activity, high selectivity, can be recycled and environmentally friendly. This study learned about the esterification of nyamplung oil with ionic liquid 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulphate (BMIMHSO4) as catalyst and microwave-assisted. The purpose of this study is to obtain optimum condition of esterification process, with free fatty acid concentration (FFA) <2%. This study uses raw materials of nyamplung oil, methanol and BMIMHSO4 as catalyst. Equipment used in study was batch reactor equipped with temperature sensor with microwave heating system. The research variables studied were reaction temperature (50-70oC), molar ratio oil to methanol (1:30-1:60) and catalyst concentration (5-17.5%). The result of esterification reaction was analyzed by FFA (free fatty acid) content using titration analysis. The best free fatty acid (FFA) result was 1.92%, with molar ratio of oil to methanol was 1:40, catalyst concentration was 15% by weight and at 60oC for 120 min. The esterification of nyamplung oil meets the criteria as biodiesel feedstock.
Highlights
World petroleum availability continues to dwindle as demand for petroleum energy increases
The esterification reaction takes place in a reversible manner, the reaction can be shifted to the right by giving excess methanol
The esterification reaction was carried out by the amount of excess methanol which aimed to shift the equilibrium of the esterification reaction so that the equilibrium shifts toward the product
Summary
World petroleum availability continues to dwindle as demand for petroleum energy increases. Diesel oil from petroleum demand continues to increase so it needs to be overcome with renewable fuels ie biodiesel (Said et al, 2010). Biodiesel production from nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum) oil is a potential non edible oil in Indonesia. The productivity of nyamplung oil in Indonesia is high at 20 ton / ha (Bustomi et al, 2008). Oil content from nyamplung seeds is high by 40-73% (Soerawidjaja, 2006). Nyamplung seed oil is a source of renewable energy without competing with food needs. Nyamplung oil with high FFA content of 21.62%, can not be directly done for transesterification process and have to do esterification process first to decrease FFA level
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