Ester derivatives of salinomycin efficiently eliminate breast cancer cells via ER-stress-induced apoptosis

Abstract

The polyether ionophore salinomycin (SAL) has been found to selectively target breast cancer cells, including those with stem-like phenotype. On the other hand, SAL amides and esters obtained through derivatisation of the C1 carboxyl of the ionophore were found to exhibit anticancer properties, whilst reducing potential toxicity issues which often occur during standard chemotherapy. However, the studies on the activity and especially on the mechanisms of action of this class of semi-synthetic products against breast cancer cells are very limited. Therefore, in this work, we confirmed the anti-breast cancer activity of SAL, and further investigated the potential of its selected C1 amide and ester analogs to destroy breast cancer cells, including the highly aggressive triple-negative MDA-MB-231 cells. Importantly, SAL esters were found to be more potent than the native structure and their amide counterparts. Our data revealed that SAL ester derivatives, particularly compounds 5 and 7 (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl and benzotriazole ester of SAL, respectively), increase the level of p-eIF2α (Ser51) and IRE1α proteins. Additionally, an increased level of DNA damage indicators such as γH2AX protein and modified guanine (8-oxoG) was observed. These findings suggest that the apoptosis of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells induced by the most promising esters derived from SAL may result from the interaction between ER stress and DNA damage response mechanisms.