Abstract
Objective: There were main two objectives, first was the identification of best biomarkers for early screening of kidney diseases whether plasma urea and creatinine or novel urinary low molecular weight protein biomarkers Interleukin-18 (IL-18), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), and cystatin-C. Second was the therapeutic efficacy of methanol fraction of Terminalia arjuna (MFTA) on urinary novel biomarkers.
 Methods: A total of 35 adult male rats were divided into three Groups (n=5), Group 1 was fed normal food, Group 2, normal food with administration of acetaminophen (APAP) for 5 days, 10 days, and 15 days, and Group 3, normal food with administration of APAP and coadministration of MFTA for 5 days, 10 days, and 15 days. All rats were sacrificed at 15th day of the experiment.
 Results: Results showed 5 days, 10 days, and 15 days administrations of APAP increased novel urinary biomarkers as IL-18, KIM-1 near two-folds and cystatin-C near six-folds increased than old biomarkers plasma urea and plasma creatinine. Administration of APAP with coadministration of MFTA represented the protective effect by decreasing old and new novel biomarkers with superoxide dismutase and catalase but malondialdehyde level increased. Sodium dodecyle sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed new low molecular weight urinary protein bands in APAP administration rats, the protective effect of MFTA presents no band at this molecular level as normal rats.
 Conclusion: MFTA is the most potent nephroprotective agent, and urinary low molecular proteins are the best thing diagnostic tools for early detection of kidney disease over common plasma urea and creatinine.
Highlights
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an irreversible progressive disorder of structural and functional changes in kidney parenchyma into five stages on the presence of decreased kidney function and measured by the concentration of serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate [1]
Changes of old kidney disease biomarkers versus new kidney disease biomarkers of progression of kidney disease by APAP administration APAP administration for 5 days in Group 2 (A-5) rats rises plasma urea 38.39% and plasma creatinine 51.61% significantly (p
Old biomarkers versus new biomarkers on duration dependent study Our study shown by line diagrams, increased percentage of old biomarkers is less than the increased level of new biomarkers depends on the duration of the study
Summary
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an irreversible progressive disorder of structural and functional changes in kidney parenchyma into five stages on the presence of decreased kidney function and measured by the concentration of serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate [1]. From the earlier background of our research, different anti-uremic and renoprotective plant extract such as phytocompounds from Terminalia arjuna (TA) [3], Asparagus racemosus [4], and Withania somnifera [5] which efficiently played as a remedy on experimentally induced uremic and oxidative stress rats. Alternative therapy such as alpha lipoic acid [6] and probiotic [7] shown brilliance nephroprotective action against the administration of acetaminophen (APAP)-induced renal failure male rats in our laboratory [8]. KIM-1 appears in urine by specific mild renal tubular disorder [10], IL-18 for proximal tubular necrosis [11], and cystatin-C for kidney tissue macrophages cell in collecting duct [12] after duration dependent induction of kidney disease by peritoneal administration of acetaminophen in rats and evaluate the urinary protein band by protein gel electrophoresis that was best result of protein marker would be sequence and identified in future
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callMore From: Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research
Disclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
