Establishment of apricot and almond trees using soil mulching with transparent (solarization) and black polyethylene film: effects on Verticillium wilt and tree health

Abstract

Apricot (Prunus armeniaca) and almond (P. dulcis) trees at the first leaf stage were planted in soil infested with Verticillium dahliae and mulched with transparent or black polyethylene film, or not mulched, in the San Joaquin Valley of California, March‐August 1990. During the 19‐week mulching treatment, summer soil temperatures reached as high as 46, 41, and 33°C at 18 cm depth; and 41, 37, and 32°C at 30 cm depth under clear film, black film, and no film, respectively. Trees mulched from the time of planting with transparent polyethylene (solarization) did not survive or grow as well as those mulched with black film or not mulched. Incidence of foliar symptoms due to Verticillium wilt was reduced by 86–100% in both apricot and almond trees by black, as well as transparent film mulch the following season. Incidence of vascular discoloration symptoms of trunks and primary scaffolds due to Verticillium wilt was similarly reduced by both mulches. Mulching with black polyethylene film gave better overall results than solarization with transparent film. The intermediate soil temperatures produced did not chronically harm trees, as judged by tree survival and annual growth of trunk diameter, yet the prolonged period of soil heating provided control of Verticillium wilt equivalent to that of solarization with transparent polyethylene. These studies provided further evidence that in‐season mulching can be used to conserve water during establishment of new orchards or replant trees in warm, arid climates.