Establishment of antitick efficacy of a phytoformulation prepared from Annona squamosa leaf extracts for the management of acaricide resistant tick infestations on cattle

Abstract

To combat the problem of acaricide resistance in ticks, efforts have been made to develop eco-friendly herbal acaricides which are safe for animal use with no possibilities of evoking environment and residual toxicity. In the present study, the acaricidal properties of a commonly available plant, Annona squamosa have been established to develop a novel antitick phytoformulation using leaf extract, suitable solvents and emulsifier for managing resistant tick infestations in animals. The quality control of the safe and stable phytoformulation using Rutin as a major constituent was maintained by HPTLC profiling.Several phytformulations (A-E) were prepared and formulation ‘C’ is identifried as the most effective showing 52.5–75% antitick activity against in vitro treated resistant strains of R. microplus (IVRI-IV and V) with 33.8–40.2% inhibition of oviposition while 65–85% mortality against multiacaricide resistant field populations. The phytoformulation provided 70.4% efficacy after first larval challenge in experimentally infested animals. The field efficacy of the formulation in different multilocational field trials was 68.53–77.8%. The detail antitick efficacy of the formulation along with safety and stability are explained as a component of antitck technology to manage resistant tick problem in livestock.