Abstract
Purpose: To establish a male Wistar rat model of nanobacteria (NB)-induced kidney stones.
 Methods: Sixty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control group (NC group) given caudal vein injection of saline + saline gavage, and NB-induced stone group (NBS group) given caudal vein injection of NB + saline gavage.
 Results: Compared with NC, serum creatinine, blood uric acid, urea nitrogen and urinary calcium levels in NBS group increased between weeks 3 and 8 (p < 0.05). Kidney index (kidney weight/body weight ratio) in the NBS group was higher than that in NC group from weeks 8-10. At week 8, urine pH and serum phosphorus in NBS group were higher than those in NC group (p < 0.05). Between weeks 6 and 7, serum calcium in NBS group was higher than that in NC group (p < 0.05). Calcium crystals in NBS rats were distributed mostly in the distal and proximal convoluted tubules. However, no such crystals were observed in NC rats. Similarly, no such pathological changes were seen in the renal tissue of NC group. Calculus analysis showed that stone formation was higher in NBS group than in NC group (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in micro-CT between the two groups (p ˃ 0.05).
 Conclusion: The successful establishment of the Wistar rat kidney stone model using NB cultured from urine of upper urinary tract stone patient is potentially useful for further etiological studies on kidney stone formation.
Highlights
Kidney stone disease is a frequently-occurring disease of urology, and a prominent social public health problem
Sixty (60) rats were randomly divided into control group (NC group) which were injected through the caudal vein with normal saline (1.2 ml), and NB-induced stone group (NBS group) which were injected through the caudal vein with 1.2 mL of NB suspension
Magnesium, phosphorus, 24-h urine volume, urine pH, kidney index, and urine specific gravity were comparable between the NBS and NC groups during the remaining weeks (p > 0.05)
Summary
Kidney stone disease is a frequently-occurring disease of urology, and a prominent social public health problem. Studies involving animal experiments have shown that NB are associated with the formation of kidney stones [1,2]. The present study was carried out to further investigate the relationship between NB and kidney stones by establishing a Wistar rat model of NB-induced kidney stones This was with a view to providing a basis for animal experiments on the study of the etiology of kidney stones. A Wistar male rat kidney stone model was established using the cultured NB. Sixty (60) rats were randomly divided into control group (NC group) which were injected through the caudal vein with normal saline (1.2 ml), and NB-induced stone group (NBS group) which were injected through the caudal vein with 1.2 mL of NB suspension (absorbance value of 1.00).
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