Establishing the Correlations for Eco-Efficiency Index of Various Types of Structural Concrete Used in the Malaysian Housing Using Response Surface Method

Mohd Samsudin Abdul Hamid,Osamah Kiwan,Nasir Shafiq

doi:10.3390/app10124372

Mohd Samsudin Abdul Hamid, Osamah Kiwan + Show 1 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/app10124372

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Abstract

The concept of a sustainable environment generally refers to the development that creates a balance between the resources consumption pattern and the rate of depletion of natural resources. For determining the level of sustainability of any project, three types of impacts are assessed: economic, environmental, and social. This paper presents an analytical study that focused on establishing a correlation of eco-efficiency index for low-rise reinforced concrete residential housing in Malaysia. A statistical technique using the response surface method was performed, with the help of design expert software. The data was verified using regression analysis and represented by R2 value, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation. By using economic factors, environmental factors, and the eco-efficiency index, 3D model graphs were developed for structural concrete containing fly ash, and blast furnace slag (BFS), which was assigned to the structural members in a single and double story housing. The study has concluded that the correlations established between the cost and carbon emission, economic & environmental scores, and the eco-efficiency index have shown a linear trend for single story housing and a cubic for the double story housing.

Highlights

The rapid development of the residential sectors in the world, housing units, has resulted in a high energy profile; during the construction phase, massive resources are used that cause a substantial amount of embodied energy or equivalent carbon emission [1]
This chapter explains the results of an eco-efficiency analysis of reinforced concrete single double story residential houses and discussion about the results obtained
2 arethe the estimated valuesand of the ECOeff forwork twenty single explains the validation overall analysis simulation done for story this

Summary

Introduction

The rapid development of the residential sectors in the world, housing units, has resulted in a high energy profile; during the construction phase, massive resources are used that cause a substantial amount of embodied energy or equivalent carbon emission [1]. Degeneration of the environment, social industrialization, and economic development increase as global modernization expands, and more research topics aim to guide the industrial economic structure from an unsustainable to a sustainable development form [2]. It is estimated that the building construction in the world consumes approximately one-third of the total generated electricity, and that it emits 39% of the global annual greenhouse gases, which is about 2236 metric tons [3]. Green Building Council (2013) indicated that the US building sector contribution to GHG emissions is. Global building construction is receiving much attention for producing green buildings by following the principles of sustainable development and minimizing the net impacts within the permissible thresholds of economic, environmental, and social factors [4,5]

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